tfm^  /^o    Sr^z 


x*.^ 


THE 


PRESENT    STATE 


OF 


V  I  R  G  I  N  I  A. 


I  l'(rll    JOXKS,    A.  M 


NEW    YORK: 

R  K  P  K  1  N  T  K  \)    V  ( )  C    ,J  ( )  S  K  V II    S  A  II I  N 
1865. 


Two    HUNDRED    COPIES    FEINTED. 


No. 


ALVORD,     PRJNTKK. 


THE 

PRESENT   STATE 
o  F 

VIRGINIA. 

GIVING 

A  particular  and  fhort  Account  of  the 

Indian,  Englijli,  and  Negroc  Inhabitants  of  that 
Colony. 

Shewing  their  Religion,  Manners,  Government, 
Trade,  Way  of  Living,  &c.  with  a  Defcription  of 
the  Country. 

From  whence  is  inferred  a  fhort  VIEW  of 

MARYLAND  and  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

To  which  are  added, 

Schemes  and  Proportions   for  the  better  Promotion  of 

Learning,  Religion,  Inventions,  Manufactures,  and  Trade  in 
Virginia,  and  the  other  Plantations. 

For  the  Information  of  the  Curious,  and  for  the  Service  of  fuch 

as    are    engaged    in    the    Propagation    of  the    Gofpcl    and    Advancement 
of  Learning,  and  for  the   Ule  of  all   Perfons  concerned  in  the 

Virginia   Trade  and  Plantation. 

GEN.   ix.   27. 

God  fhall  enlarge  JAPHETH,  and  he  fhall  dwell  in  the 
Tents  of  SHEM,  and  CANAAN  fhall  be  his  Servant. 

By  HIrGH  JONES,  A.  M. 

Chaplain  to  the  Honourable  Affembly,  and  lately 

Minifter  of  James-'T'own,  &c.  in  Virginia. 

LONDON: 

Printed  for  J.  CLARKE,  at  the  Bible  under  the  Royal- 
Exchange.     M  DCC  XXIV. 


THE 


CONTENTS. 


THE      INTRODUCTION 
Pagei 

PART    I.     CHAP.  I. 

Of  the  Original  of  the  Indians,  Europeans,  and 
Negroes. 

CHAP.    II. 

Of  the  Government,  Religion,  Habits,  Wars, 
Lives,  Cujloms,  &c.  of  the  Indians  of  North 
America  7 

Of  the  French  Settlements  and  Apelachian  Moun 
tains  13 

Of  the  Tramontane  Order  and  Expedition,  and  of 
Chriftanna  14 

Of  Indian  Worjhip  and  Principles  15 

Of  the  Converfton  of  the  Indians  19 


PART     II.     CHAP.   I. 

Of  the  Englifh  Settlements  in  Virginia  and  Mary 
land  21 

CHAP.    II. 

Of  the  Metropolis  Williamlburgh,  the  College  Ca 
pitol,  Governor's  Houfe,  and  the  Church,  &c.       25 

CHAP.    III. 

Of  the   Situation    and  Nature   of  the    Country  of 

Virginia,  and  its  Coajls,  &c.  33 

3  CHAP. 


M199195 


The     CONTENTS. 

Page 
CHAP.    IV. 

Of  the  Negroes,  with  the  Planting  and  Manage- 
ment  of  Indian  Corn  and  tobacco,  and  of  their 
timber,  Stock,  Fruits,  Provifwn,  Habitations, 
&c.  36 

CHAP.   V. 

Of  the  Habits,  Cujloms,  Parts,  Employments,  tfrade 
of  the  Virginians ;  and  of  the  Weather,  Coin, 
Sicknefs,  Liquors,  Servants,  Poor,  Pitch,  'far, 
Oar,  &c.  43 

CHAP.   VI. 

Of  Germanna,  the  Palatines,  Wine,  Hemp,  Flax, 
Silk,  Sumack,  'frees,  Fruits,  Coals,  f raffs  of  Land, 
Health,  Militia,  the  Mannacan  Town,  'Titles,  Le 
vies,  BurgeJJes,  Laws,  and  general  Affenibly  59 


PART     III. 

Of  the  State  of  the  Church  and  Clergy  in  Virginia    65 

ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt 

PART     IV. 

Of  Authors  concerning  Virginia,  and  its  fublick 
Officers,  Guard-Ships,  and  the  State  of  Mary 
land  and  North  Carolina,  &c.  75 


A  PPENDI  X. 

1.  Scheme.     Of  Education  in  Virginia  83 

2.  Scheme.     Of  Religion  in  Virginia  95 

3.  Scheme.      Of   Arts,    Projects,    Inventions,    and 
Manufactures  in  Virginia  112 

4.  Scheme.     Of  *frdde  in  Virginia,  and  the  other 
Plantations  138 

INTRO- 


fift 


INTRODUCTION. 


and  Prefaces,  which  are  pre- 
ftx'd  to  moil  Books,  being  regarded 
by  few  Readers,  I  think  it  beft  for  my 

•  .  . 

present  Purpofe  briefly  to  mention  in 
an  Introduction,  what  I  would  have  known  con 
cerning  the  Occafion,  Nature,  and  Ule  of  this 
Treatife,  before  I  enter  upon  the  main  Work 
it  felf. 

When  I  confidered  the  great  Benefit  that 
arifes  to  the  Publick,  from  the  large  Colony 
of  Virginia,  I  obferved,  that  tho'  it  be  thus 
advantageous,  yet  it  is  capable  of  great  Im 
provements  ftill,  and  requires  feveral  Alterations, 
both  with  Regard  to  its  own  Welfare,  and 
the  Intereft  of  Great  Britain.  Obferving 
moreover,  that  few  People  in  England  (even 
many  concerned  in  publick  Affairs  of  this  kind) 
have  correct  Notions  of  the  true  State  of  the 
Plantations;  and  having  been  eagerly  applied 
to  frequently,  by  Perfons  of  the  greateft  Fi- 
A  gure, 


ii  INTRODUCTION. 

gure,  Experience,  and  Judgment  in  political 
and  national  Concerns,  for  Information  con 
cerning  all  the  Circumftances  of  Virginia,  I 
was  requefted  to  digeft  methodically,  and  pub- 
lifti,  what  I  knew  and  thought  of  thefe  Mat 
ters  ;  and  being  in  a  great  Meafure  injoined  to 
it  by  a  noble  Patron,  I  have  here  complied 
with  his  Commands,  with  the  beft  of  my 
Knowledge  and  Judgment. 

For  want  of  better  Information,  many  that 
are  moft  willing,  capable,  or  obliged  to  pro 
mote  Religion,  Learning,  Arts  and  Trade  in 
Virginia,  are  either  at  a  Lofs  how  to  let  about 
it  rightly,  or  elfe  haying  engaged  themfelves 
therein,  have  in  a  great  Meafure  mifcarried 
in  their  Attempts,  becaufe  true  and  particular 
Accounts  of  it  are  very  difficult  to  be  obtain 
ed;  and  this  Country  is  altered  wonderfully, 
and  far  more  advanced  and  improved  in  all 
Refpefts  of  late  Years,  iince  the  beginning  of 
Colonel  Spotjiuood's  Lieutenancy,  than  in  the 
whole  Century  before  his  Government,  which 
he  may  be  efteemed  to  have  difcharged  with  a 
commendable,  juft,  and  prudent  Admini- 
flration  ;  a  profperous  Adminiftration,  glori 
ous  for  himfelf,  and  advantageous  both  for  the 
Crown  and  the  Plantation;  whilft  he  was  Lieu 
tenant  Governor  of  that  Colony;  whilft  that 
Colony  was  honoured  with  fuch  an  excellent 
Governor;  whilft  that  Governor  was  happy 
in  fuch  a  flouriihing,  large,  and  fertile  Colony. 

And 


INTRODUCTION.  iii 

And  as  this  Country  has  made  fuch  a  con- 
fiderable  Progrefs,  under  the  Management  of 
the  late  Governor  Spot/wood;  fo  have  we  all 
imaginable  Profpeft  that  it  will  in  the  fame 
regular  courfe  proceed  towards  its  greateft  Per- 
fedion,  under  the  Care  and  Condud  of  the 
prefent  Governor  Colonel  Dryfdale. 

The  Scales  of  Juftice  are  now  fix'd  there 
upon  their  true  Balance,  and  the  Courfe  of 
Trade  is  nearly  confined  to  its  right  Chan 
nel. 

Arts,  Sciences,  Trades,  and  ufeful  Inven 
tions  are  now  planted  there  in  fome  Meafure, 
and  with  due  Cultivation  may  thrive  wonder 
fully. 

Providence  has  furniih'd  this  Province 
with  all  Neceflaries  of  Life,  and  Induftry  may 
fupply  it  with  all  Conveniences  and  Advan 
tages,  for  Profit,  Eafe,  and  Pleafure. 

The  beft  Meafures  have  been  concerted  and 
propofed,  and  Schemes  have  been  nicely  drawn 
for  the  Encouragement  of  ufeful  Difcoveries 
and  laudable  Undertakings,  both  for  the  Secu 
rity  and  Benefit  of  the  Publick. 

And   as   in    Bleflings   temporal,    fo    in   fpiri- 

tual    Concernments,    might    the    Virginians    a- 

A  2  bound, 


iv  INTRODUCTION. 

bound,  were  the  Attempts  that  have  been, 
or  may  be,  made  for  the  due  Regulation  of 
the  Church,  as  well  as  State,  brought  to  Ma 
turity  :  Were  the  Laws  more  plain  and  par 
ticular  in  Relation  to  Livings;  fo  that  the 
Labours  of  the  Clergy  might  be  rewarded 
with  lefs  Trouble  and  111- Will  in  their  Pre 
ferment  to  Parifhes,  and  collecting  their  Dues 
and  Salaries;  and  were  the  Principles  and 
Pradice  of  Religion  more  firmly  eftablifh'd, 
which  might  eafily  be  done  without  interfering 
with  the  Intereft  of  the  People,  or  Conftitu- 
tion  of  the  Government;  with  but  few  Cor- 
reftions  and  Alterations,  and  but  little  addi 
tional  Expence. 

More  efpecially  at  this  eminent  Junfture  of 
his  Majeftfs  moft  Chriftian  Goodnefs,  in  con 
verting  his  Palace  at  Whitehall  into  a  College 
of  Preachers;  and  founding  in  the  Univerfi- 
ties  Courts  of  Statefmen  perfectly  inftruded  in 
modern  Languages  and  Hiftory. 

For  if  at  Home  he  has  in  this  Refpeft,  as 
well  as  others,  excelled  his  Royal  Predecef- 
fors,  why  may  we  not  hope  that  his  charita 
ble  Benefactions  may  likewife  be  extended 
Abroad  to  the  Church  and  College  of  the 
moft  antient  and  loyal  Colony  of  Virginia  ? 
Through  the  Means  of  fuch  great  and  good 
Governors  in  Church,  as  his  Grace  the  Arch- 
bijbop  of  Canterbury,  and  his  Lordfliip  the 

Bi/bop 


INTRODUCTION.  v 

Bijbop  of  London  ;  the  firft  of  which  emi 
nent  Patrons  of  Religion  and  Learning  is 
Chancellor  of  the  College  of  William  and 
Mary  at  Williamsburgh  in  Virginia ;  and  to 
the  other  belongs  the  weighty  Care  and  Charge 
of  the  Church  and  Clergy  of  all  that  and  the 
other  Englijb  Plantations, 

Why  may  we  not  hope  that  the  College 
founded  and  endowed  there  by  King  ll'illiam 
and  Queen  Mary  of  ever  bleffed  Memory, 
may  -partake  of  the  royal  Favours  of  our 
prefent  moft.  gracious  Sovereign  ?  Why  may 
we  not  hope  that  the  Church  confirmed 
there  in  each  Reign  fmce  Queen  Elizabeth's, 
may  be  duly  regulated  by  the  pious  Dire&ions 
of  his  prefent  Majejly  ? 

Thcfe  are  Actions  fuitable  to  the  Genius 
of  our  mighty  Monarch:  Thefe  are  Under 
takings  worthy  of  the  Negotiation  of  fuch 
pious  and  learned  Bifhops;  to  whofe  Confi- 
deration  the  following  Sheets  are  in  the  moft 
fubmiffive  Manner  offered,  humbly  requefting 
their  Lordfhip's  Excufe  for  this  prefumptive 
Freedom;  occafioned  by  the  zealous  Affec 
tion  which  I  have  for  the  Colony,  which 
principally  induced  me  to  this  Work,  in  or 
der  to  vindicate  the  Place  and  People  from 
undeferved  Calumny,  to  make  publick  true 
Informations  of  them,  to  proclaim  to  the 
World  their  juft  Praifes,  and  to  prove  as  in- 
2  ftrumental. 


vi  INTRODUCTION. 

ftrumental  as  poffible  in  the  Service  of  Re 
ligion,  Learning,  Arts,  advantageous  Under 
takings,  and  the  Trade  of  that  Plantation;  to 
do  which,  I  think  my  felf  ftridly  obliged  by 
Gratitude  and  Confcience. 

There  are  feveral  Books  upon  this  Subjed, 
but  none  defcends  to  the  prefent  State  and 
Circumftances  of  this  Colony,  nor  propofes 
what  Methods  may  feem  moft  conducive  to 
the  Promotion  of  its  beft  Intereft  in  all  Re- 
fpefts;  but  without  particular  Knowledge  of 
thefe  Things  no  ufeful  Defigns  can  be  carried 
to  the  beft  Advantage,  neither  by  the  Govern 
ment,  Societies,  Companies,  nor  by  private 
Perfons. 

Wherefore  I  compofed  this  as  a  Supple 
ment  to  thofe  other  Books;  treating  herein 
for  the  moft  Part  of  fuch  Heads,  as  are  alto 
gether  omitted,  or  but  ilightly  accounted  for, 
or  defcribed  by  others. 

For  though  fome  may  have  perfeft  Infor 
mation  and  true  Notions  of  thefe  Things; 
yet  the  generality  of  Mankind  are  utter  Stran 
gers  to  what  I  here  fpecify,  and  entertain  com 
monly  very  erroneous  and  monftrous  Thoughts 
concerning  the  Country,  Lives,  Religion  and 
Government  of  the  Virginians-,  fo  that  there 
feemed  a  great  Neceffity  for  a  Book  of  this 
kind;  which  I  have  made  as  plain  and  intel 
ligible 


INTRODUCTION.  vii 

ligible  as  I  poffibly  could,  and  compofed  in 
the  beft  Method  that  I  could  devife  for  the 
Service  of  the  Plantations,  more  particularly 
Virginia^  Maryland,  and  North  Carolina,  where 
I  have  been. 

I  have  induftrioufly  avoided  the  ornamen 
tal  Drefs  of  Rhetorical  Flourifhes,  efteem- 
ing  them  unfit  for  the  naked  Truth  of  hiitori- 
cal  Relations,  and  improper  for  the  Purpofe 
of  general  Proportions. 

Befides  its  Truth  and  my  real  Defign  of 
publick  Service,  this  mean  Piece  has  little  to 
recommend  it  to  the  Approbation  of  Man 
kind,  and  to  introduce  it  to  a  candid  Re 
ception  in  the  World.  Neverthelefs  I  ven 
ture  to  prefent  it  with  the  greateit  SubmifTion 
to  the  Candour  of  the  Reader,  with  Hopes 
that  it  may  meet  with  a  kind  Acceptance ; 
humbly  requeuing  the  following  Favours  of 
the  Readers,  viz. 

That  they  would  be  pleafed  to  excufe  and 
correct  the  Errors  of  the  Prefs. 

That  if  any  material  Alterations  have  hap 
pened  to  be  made  that  I  know  not  of,  fmce 
I  left  Virginia  (which  is  above  two  Years) 
they  will  give  favourable  Allowances  for  my 
Accounts  of  fuch  Things,  and  not  cenfure  me 
as  if  I  endeavoured  to  impofe  Falfhoods  up 
on 


viii  INTRODUCTION. 

on  the  World ;  and  I  hope  the  fame  will  be 
granted  for  any  trivial  Miftakes  which  I  may 
have  made  through  Forgetfulnefs,  or  for  want 
of  Opportunity  of  Confultation  and  Advice 
in  any  fmall  circumftantial  Point*  or  in  any 
proper  Name. 


And  laftly,  fince  Improvement  might  be 
made  for  the  joint  Advantage  of  Virginia  and 
Great  Britain  in  fo  many  particular  Refpefts; 
therefore  I  hope  what  I  have  inftanced  in  'the 
following  State  and  Schemes  will  be  look'd 
upon  as  fufficient  for  my  Purpofe,  without 
making  Mention  of  feveral  other  beneficial 
Things  of  the  Nature  and  Ufe  of  which  I 
have  but  little  Knowledge ;  fuch  as  Cotton, 
Pepper,  with  the  large  thick  Husks  of  Acorns 
for  the  Diers  Ufe,  with  the  like. 


THE 


THE 

STATE 

OF 

VIRGINIA. 


PART     I. 


CHAP.    I. 

Of  the  Original  of  the  Indians,  Euro 
peans,  and  Negroes* 

SP 

N  E  main  Caufe,  why  the  G  of  pel  is 
not  propagated  with  better  Succefs 
among  the  Infidels,  and  why  it  is  not 
more  ftriftly  followed  by  fuch  Eu 
ropeans  as  inhabit  the  American  Plan 
tations,  is  the  little  right  Knowledge 
that  Superintendants  of  the  Church  have  of  them, 
from  imperfect  Accounts  and  falfe  Information ; 

B  for 


2  The    STATE    of 

for  before  we  can  entertain  any  tolerable  Idea  of 
the  Tenents,  and  Inclinations  of  any  People;  it 
is  requifite  we  ihould  know  fomething  of  their 
Original,  Temper,  and  Government;  for  want  of 
which  much  Coft  and  Labour  have  been  in  vain 
expended,  and  many  pious  Defigns  and  Projeds 
fruftrated. 

And  as  the  Progrefs  of  Religion,  fo  for  the 
fame  Caufes,  and  in  the  fame  Manner,  is  the  Im 
provement  of  Arts,  Sciences,  and  Trade,  much 
retarded. 

I  (hall  therefore  exhibit  a  fhort  View  of  the 
prefent  Inhabitants  of  Virginia ;  which  are  Indi 
ans,  Engtijli,  and  Negroes,  with  a  Defcription  of 
the  Country :  After  which  their  Morals  and  Man 
ners  may  more  plainly  and  briefly  be  defcribed ; 
from  whence  may  eafily  be  inferred  an  Account 
of  Maryland  and  North  Carolina,  nearly  agreeing 
with  Virginia  in  many  Refpefts. 

The  Indians  may  be  term'd  Aborigines ;  for  to 
pretend  to  determine  their  Pedigree  exactly,  with 
the  Time  and  Manner  of  feating  this  unknown 
World,  to  me  feems  as  morally  impoiTible,  as  it 
is  naturally  to  account  for  the  Complexion  of  their 
Bodies,  and  the  Temper  of  their  Minds. 

So  that  the  bed  Hiftory  of  them  till  late  Years 
is  but  meer  Guefs-work,  of  which  my  Sentiments 
are  thefe : 

We  know  that  all  Nations  of  the  World  are 
the  Defcendants  of  Noah's  three  Sons,  Shcin,  Ham, 
and  Japheth:  From  the  youngeft  (from  fome  pro- 
mifed  BleiTmgs)  may  we  fuppofe  the  Europeans  and 
Wejlern  Afiaticks  to  be  defcended.  From  Canaan 
the  Son  of  the  middlemoft  iffued  the  Canaanites, 
and  from  fome  of  his  Sons  might  fpring  the  Egyp 
tians,  Moors,  Negroes,  and  other  Inhabitants  of 
Africa. 

From 


VIRGINIA.  3 

From  Sbcm  fprung  Eler,  and  from  Eber's  eldeft 
Son  Pclcg  fprung  the  Hebrews,  and  from  Eber's 
younger  Son  Joktan  are  derived  the  Eaji,  and  (I 
fuppofe)  their  Coufins  the  Weft-Indians  of  Ame 
rica.  For  in  Pc/eg's  Days  the  Earth  was  divided, 
Gen.  x.  25.  and  his  Brother  Jocktan's  Dwelling 
was  from  Media,  as  tbou  gocjl  unto  Sephar,  a 
Mount  of  the  Eair,  v.  30.  By  tbefe  were  tbe  Na 
tions  divided  in  tbe  Earth  after  tbe  Flood,  v.  32. 

To  me  the  Indians  of  America  feem  to  be  fome 
of  the  Pofterity  of  Sbe/n,  driven  thither  by  Pro 
vidence,  for  Caufes  unknown  to  us,  which  might 
eafily  be  done  (in  large  Boats  or  Canoes  and  Peria- 
guas)  from  the  Ealtern  Parts  of  Afia,  their  Grand 
father  Jocktan's  Country ;  which  is  not  improba 
ble :  Since  a  Storm  might  drive  them  off  from 
the  Shore,  and  the  trade  Winds,  which  blow 
conftantly  one  Way  half  the  Year,  might  carry 
them  directly  to  America,  over  the  vail  South  Sea 
Ocean ;  in  which  Paflage  their  greateit  Danger 
of  Death  might  be  Hunger  and  Thirit;  but  they, 
that  know  the  Indians,  know  alfo,  that  they  can 
bear  Want  a  prodigious  while ;  and  what  might 
they  not  bear,  when  the  Divine  Power  was  mi- 
raculoully  concerned  in  it,  for  Purpoies  known  to 
the  Almighty  only? 

Indeed  for  what  we  have  yet  difcovered,  we 
don't  know,  but  the  Continent  of  America  may 
be  join'd  to  ^fartary\  from  whence  (if  fo)  they 
might  have  an  eafy,  though  tedious  Conveyance. 
Be  it  how  it  will,  I  am  of  Opinion,  that  they  are 
defcended  from  Aj'ui,  and  not  Africa ;  becaufe  in 
their  copper  Colour,  long  black  Hair,  (trait  pro 
per  Shape,  and  haughty  Carriage,  they  are  fome- 
what  like  the  Eajl-lndians ;  whereas  they  feem  to 
be  of  a  different  Breed  from  the  Negroes,  who  are 
blacker,  have  uglier  Faces  and  Bodies,  and  are  of  a 
more  fervile  Carriage,  and  flaviih  Temper:  Befides, 
B  2  the 


4  The    STATE    of 

the  Africans  circumcife,  which  with  other  Jewijh 
Cuftoms,  I  imagine,  they  may  derive  from  Egypt; 
whereas  the  Indians  ufe  no  fuch  Praftices :  More 
over  they  hate,  and  defpife  the  very  Sight  of  a 
Ncgroe ;  but  they  feem  to  like  an  Eafl-lndian,  and 
fear  and  revere  the  Whites. 

What  fome  may  objeft  in  Contradiction  to  the 
Univerfality  of  the  Deluge  ;  that  the  Communi 
cation  between  A  ft  a  and  America  was  wafhed  a- 
way  by  it;  thence  inferring  that  the  Americans 
are  of  Antidiluvian  Families,  may  (I  prefume)  be 
exploded,  when  we  remark,  that  in  moft  Places, 
at  a  great  Depth,  and  far  diftant  from  the  Sea, 
are  many  great  Beds  of  ftrange  Shells,  and  Bones, 
and  Teeth  of  Fifli  and  Beafts  vaftly  different  from 
any  Land  or  Water-Animals  now  found  in  thofe, 
or  any  other  Parts  of  the  World;  fo  that  not- 
withftanding  all  the  curious  Speculations  of  Philo- 
fophers  to  reconcile  this  with  Reafon,  and  afcribe 
for  it  natural  Caufes ;  yet  to  me  it  appears  evident 
ly  to  be  a  Token,  and  Relift  of  the  general  Flood 
of  Noah.  For  thefe  Shells  and  Bones  might  be 
ealily  preferved  from  Corruption,  and  mouldering 
fo  long  a  Time,  whilft  covered  with  a  great  Thick- 
nefs  of  dry  Earth,  and  kept  from  Air ;  to  which 
when  they  are  expofed  they  foon  decay. 

The  beft  true  Account  that  we  have  of  the 
Primitive  wild  Inhabitants  of  the  Earth,  not  civi 
lized  by  Government,  nor  affifted  by  Learning, 
Arts  and  Communication  with  Strangers,  is  of 
the  Canaanites\  whofe  State  of  Nature  the  Indi 
ans  ftill  retain,  refembling  them  in  moft  Refpeds, 
who  may  be  their  Coulins  defcended  from  Joktan, 
and  may  be  fome  curfed  Generations,  for  Reafons 
hidden  from  us.  For  which  Caufes  they  might 
be  feparated  from  the  reft  of  Mankind,  and  be  de 
barred  the  Light  of  Grace,  and  kept  in  their  bar 
barous  Ignorance,  for  their  obftinate  Rebellion  a- 
i  gainft 


VIRGINIA.  5 

gaintl  God;  till  of  his  gracious  Goodnefs  and  Mer 
cy  he  be  pleafed  in  his  appointed  Time  to  com- 
pleat  their  Converiion,  and  be  more  favourable  to 
them. 

I  have  a  much  truer  and  clearer  Notion  of  the 
Canaanites,  Hebrews,  &c.  fince  I  have  feen  the 
Indians,  than  I  could  have  before,  who  afford  li 
ving  Examples  of  the  primitive  Savages,  and  Ido 
l-liters. 

To  confirm  this,  oblerve;  that  as  the  Inhabi 
tants  of  the  Land  of  Canaan,  who  were  vanquiili- 
ed  by  the  Ifraelites,  and  were  principally  deicend- 
ecl  from  Canaan  the  fourth  Son  of  accurfed  Ham, 
being  a  Mixture  of  ieveral  remarkable  Nations 
that  were  great  and  idolatrous,  and  in  an  efpecial 
Manner  hateful  to  God,  with  frequent  Wars  and 
Barbarities  among  themielves;  in  like  Manner  are 
the  American  Indians,  as  favage,  idolatrous,  unbe 
lieving,  numerous,  monltrous,  idle  and  delighting 
in  War  and  Cruelty  as  their  antient  Relations  the 
Inhabitants  of  the  Land  of  Canaan;  and  have  as 
many  different  Nations,  Languages,  and  ttrange 
Names  and  Cuftoms  as  the  Canaanites,  the  'Jclni- 
Jitcs,  the  'Htttitcs,  the  Hii'itcs,  the  Pcrizitcs,  and 
the  Gcrgtjitcs.  The  Indians  being  fubdivided  into 
as  many  Branches  and  Sovereignties  as  they,  inter- 
mixt  with  as  hideous  Neighbours,  as  the  Gigan- 
tick  Philiftines  of  the  Race  of  Mifi \ tim;  with  the 
Moabifcs  and  Amoritcs,  Defcendants  of  Lot  by  his 
own  Daughters;  with  the  Midianites  and  Edomttes^ 
the  Pollerity  of  Midian  and  Vjau. 

The  Scnecaa  Indians  in  their  War  Drefs  may  ap 
pear  as  terrible  as  any  of  the  Sons  of  Aiuik\  The 
Ujberces,  Sbi/terecs,  and  Cbcrackees  are  full  as  for 
midable  as  the  Hitti.tes,  Jebujites,  and  Amalakites ; 
and  a  Ti/Jkaroodau  is  as  favage  and  itrange  as  any 
Canaanite,  that  dwelt  by  the  Sea ;  and  a  Pomun- 
ket\  Sapon\,  or  Sugcirr  is  as  fierce  and  frightful  as 

any 


6  The    STATE    of 

any  Amorite  that  dwelt  upon  or  beyond  the  Moun 
tains;  and  Pffwhatatii  Opfechancanough  and  //'Yr/- 
maunataucJiee  have  fought  many  Battles  not  unlike 
Qg",  Sibon,  and  Chederlaomer. 

In  my  mean  Judgment  it  feems  not  improbable 
that  when  Noah  had  curfed  the  Pofterity  of  Haw, 
and  referved  different  bleffings  for  Sbem  and  Ja- 
phetb,  God  fet  a  diftinguifhing  Colour  upon  their  Bo 
dies,  and  ingrafted  in  their  Nature  various  Tempers, 
and  endowed  them  with  feparate  Talents.  From 
whence  their  Pofterity  are  of  three  different  Com 
plexions  and  Countenances,  as  is  apparent  in  IFhite^ 
Black,  and  Brown  People,  which  by  Mixtures, 
or  from  Climates  or  otherwife  are  fubdivided :  Par- 
cularly  the  brown  Children  of  Sbem  have  two  pe 
culiar  Afpefts  different  from  each  other,  and  di- 
ftind  from  all  the  reft;  one  proper  to  the  Jews, 
the  Sons  of  Peleg,  and  the  other  belonging  to  the 
Eaft  and  Weft-Indies ,  the  Sons  of  Joktan,  Peleg's 
younger  Brother. 

To  the  white  Pofterity  of  Japbeth,  viz.  to  the 
Europeans  in  particular  are  Nodb's  Words  (Gen.  ix. 
27.)  very  applicable,  where  he  faid,  that  God  Jbould 
enlarge  Japheth,  and  be  Jbould  dwell  in  the  fonts  of 
Shem,  and  Canaan  jkall  be  his  Servant ;  which 
feems  fulfilled  in  our  Poffeflion  of  Lands  in  the 
Eajl  and  Weji-lndies,  the  Tents  of  the  Sons  of 
Sbem,  where  Canaan  or  the  Ncgroc  is  our  Servant 
and  Slave ;  and  as  it  is  faid  of  him  In  the  25th  Verfe, 
a  Servant  of  Servants  is  Canaan  unto  bis  Brethren. 

For  the  Negroes  feem  evidently  to  be  Defcen- 
dants  from  fome  of  the  Sons  of  Canaan.  For  it 
is  not  to  be  fuppofed  that  the  Jews  deftroyed  them 
all,  for  the  Families  of  the  Canaanites.  were  fpread 
abroad,  Gen.  x.  18.  fo  that  probably  in  procefs  of 
Time  they  poffeffed  Africa.  As  for  the  Blcffing 
-upon  Shem  in  the  26th  Verfe,  and  Canaan  being  his 
Servant;  this  appears  to  be  fulfilled  in  the  Jews 

in 


V I  K  GIN  I  A.  7 

in  Part,  defended  from  Pelcg,  Hcbcr's  eldeft  Son; 
from  whom  fprung  Abraham  the  Father  of  the 
Faithful,  in  whole  Seed  the  Lord  God  of  Skew 
may  be  laid  to  be  bleffed  according  to  Noatis  Pro 
phecy,  who  made  Part  of  Canaan  Slaves,  and  took 
them  Captive.  And  as  for  the  other  Branches  of 
Skew's  Poiterity  by  J  ok  fan  (which  Sound  is  not  quite 
loft  in  either  of  the  Indies}  I  take  them  to  be  the 
Eaji  and  IFeJi-lndies,  Cktnefe,  and  'Tartars-,  and 
it  may  be  the  Peijians,  for  whom  with  their  Cou- 
iins  the  'Jews,  none  but  God  knows  what  Bleffings 
may  ftill  be  referved  in  Store,  it  being  to  be  hoped 
that  they  and  all  the  Ends  of  the  World  may  be 
converted,  and  fee  and  partake  of  the  Salvation 
of  our  God ;  fo  that  by  all  may  the  Lord  God  of 
Skew  at  length  be  bleffed. 

-Thus  fc/r,  as  to  my  Notions  of  the  Original  of 
the  Indhins,  whom  I  imagine  to  be  deicended  from 
iome  of  the  Sons  of  jokfan,  iecond  Son  of  Eher, 
fprung  from  Skew,  Nocik's  eldeft  Son :  With  a 
Derivation  of  the  IVhites  from  Japkefk  the  young- 
eft,  and  the  Negroes  from  fome  of  the  Sons  of 
Caihiiin,  Defcendant  of  Haw,  Noatis  fecond  Son. 


CHAP.      II. 

Of  the  Government^  Religion, 

Wars,  Lives,  Cuftoms,  &c.  of  the 
Indians  of  North  America,  and  of 
Chriftanna. 

to  the  Government  and  Life  of  the  In- 
dians,  they  live  in  a  kind  of  patriarchal 
Manner,  varioufly  diverfify'd,  not  unlike 
the  Tribes  and  Families  mentioned   in  the    Old 

^cjlament. 


8  The    STATE    of 

Teftamenf.  Every  fmall  Town  is  a  petty  King 
dom  govern'd  by  an  abfolute  Monarch,  affifted  and 
advifed  by  his  great  Men,  felefled  out  of  the  gra- 
veft,  oldeit,  braveft,  and  richeft;  if  I  may  allow 
their  Dear-Skins,  Peak  and  Roenoak  (black  and 
white  Shells  with  Holes,  which  they  wear  on 
Strings  about  their  Arms  and  Necks)  to  be  Wealth. 

Sometimes  there  are  general  Emperors,  who  have 
feveral  petty  Kingdoms  in  fome  Meafure  under 
their  Protedion  and  Power. 

They  dwell  in  Towns  fome  twenty,  fome  a 
hundred  Miles,  and  fome  farther  from  one  ano 
ther,  each  Town  having  a  particular  Jargon  and 
peculiar  Cuftoms ;  though  for  the  moft  Part  they 
agree  in  certain  Signs,  Expreffions,  and  Manners. 

They  are  frequently  at  War  with  all  their  Neigh 
bours,  or  moft  of  them,  and  treat  their  Captive 
Prifoners  very  barbaroully  ;  either  by  icalping 
them  (which  I  have  feen)  by  ripping  off  the  Crown 
of  the  Head,  which  they  wear  on  a  Thong  by 
their  Side  as  a  ngnal  Trophee  and  Token  of  Vic 
tory  and  Bravery.  Sometimes  they  tie  their  Prifo 
ners,  and  lead  them  bound  to  their  Town,  where 
with  the  moft  joyful  Solemnity  they  kill  them, 
often  by  thrufting  in  feveral  Parts  of  their  Bodies 
fcewers  of  Light-wood  which  burn  like  Torches. 
The  poor  Viftim  all  the  while  (which  is  fometimes 
two  or  three  Days)  not  (hewing  the  leaft  Symp 
tom  of  Grief,  nor  Sign  of  Pain,  but  bearing  it 
with  a  fcornful  Sullennefs. 

In  their  Rejoicings  and  Wardances  they  with 
the  moft  antick  Geftures,  in  the  moft  frightful 
Drefs,  with  a  hideous  Noife,  enumerate  the  Ene 
mies,  that  they  have  murder'd,  and  fuch  like  Ex 
ploits. 

They  attack  always  by  Surprize,  and  will  ne 
ver  ftand  their  Ground  when  difcovered ;  but  fly 
to  Ambufli,  whither  the  Enemy  may  purfue  with 
Peril  of  his  Life.  They 


VIRGINIA.  9 

They  are  made  for  running  very  iwiftly,  and 
are  nicely  dextrous  at  fifliing,  hunting,  and 
fowling;  whereby  they  fupport  themielves  and 
Families  with  Venifon,  Fifli,  wild  Turkies,  &c. 

The  Women  do  all  the  hard  Labour,  inch  as 
cutting  dowrn  the  Trees,  planting  Corn,  65V.  car 
rying  Burthens  and  all  their  other  Work ;  the 
Men  only  hunting,  fifliing  and  fowling,  eating, 
drinking,  dancing  and  fleeping. 

The  Boys  {till  uie  Bows  and  Arrows  for  Exer- 
cife,  with  which  they  are  very  dextrous;  but  the 
Men  always  uie  Fire-Arms,  which  with  Ammu 
nition  they  buy  of  us  with  their  Dear-Skins,  go 
ing  rarely  out  unarmed. 

They  are  fo  wonderfully  quick-righted,  that 
they  will  iwiftly  purlue  by  K\c  the  Track  of  any 
Thing  among  the  Trees,  in  the  Leaves  and  Grals, 
as  an  Hound  does  by  the  Scent,  where  -n'c  can't 
perceive  the  leait  Mark  or  Footltep. 

They  cohabit  in  Ibme  hundreds  of  Families, 
and  fix  upon  the  richeit  Ground  to  build  their 
wooden  Houfes,  which  they  place  in  a  circular 
Form,  meanly  defended  with  Pales,  and  covered 
with  Bark;  the  middle  Area  ( or  Yorum )  being  for 
common  Uies  and  publick  Occafions.  The  Wo 
men  in  order  to  plant  their  IndLin  Corn  and  To- 
bucco  (to  clear  the  Ground  of  Trees)  cut  the  Bark 
round;  io  that  they  die  and  don't  iliade  the  Ground, 
and  decay  in  Time. 

Wherever  we  meet  with  an  old  ludhin  Field, 
or  Place  wrhere  they  have  lived,  \ve  are  fure  of 
the  belt  Ground.  Thev  all  remove  their  Habita- 

«/ 

tion  for  fear  of  their  Enemies,  or  for  the  Sake  of 
Game  and  Provifion. 

They  have  imall  Sweating  Houfes  like  Ovens ; 
out  of  which  when  they  are  almoit  Imothered 
writh  Heat,  they  run  into  a  River,  which  they 
always  contrive  to  build  their  Towns  near. 

C  This 


io  The    STATE    of 

This  Practice  in  all  Diftempers  often  kills  vaft 
Numbers  in  Sickneffes,  which  are  new  to  them. 

They  have  no  Notion  of  providing  for  Futu 
rity  ;  for  they  eat  Night  and  Day  whilft  their 
Provifion  lafts,  falling  to  as  foon  as  they  awake, 
and  falling  aileep  again  as  foon  as  they  are  well 
crammed. 

Their  Fifli,  Flefh,  and  Fowl,  they  either  bar- 
bacue  on  an  high  Gridiron,  or  broil  on  iliarp 
Sticks  before  a  Fire,  which  they  always  keep  in 
the  Middle  of  their  Cabbin ;  and  they  lie  upon 
Boards  and  Skins  raifed  like  Benches  round  about 
their  Room, 

Their  Drink  is  Water,  unlefs  they  can  get 
Rum  ;  with  which  they  make  themfelves  the 
greater!  Beads,  never  ceafing  as  long  as  they  have 
Liquor  to  drink,  and  can  keep  awake. 

I  have  known,  when  Cows  have  been  given 
them,  that  they  let  them  go  dry  for  Lazinefs  in 
neglefting  to  milk  them,  and  die  in  the  Winter 
for  want  of  Fodder. 

They  commonly  wear  a  Dear-Skin,  putting 
their  Arms  thro'  the  Holes  of  the  Shoulder,  with 
a  Flap  ty'd  before  and  behind  to  cover  their  Naked- 
nefs ;  though  they  buy  often  Matchcoats  or  Blankets 
now,  to  defend  them  from  the  Wet  and  Cold, 
and  think  themfelves  very  fine  in  fuch  Coats  as 
our  common  Soldiers  wear,  or  of  any  taudry  Co 
lours:  Befides  this,  ibme  pin  Pieces  of  red  or  blue 
Cloth  about  their  Legs,  and  make  Moccqfons  or 
leather  Purfes  for  their  Feet,  with  which  they  can 
travel  in  the  Woods,  without  Danger  of  Thorns 
or  Stumps.  For  all  the  Country  is  but  one  con 
tinued  Foreft,  with  Patches  of  fome  hundred  A- 
cres  here  and  there  cleared ;  either  being  formerly 
feated  by  Indians,  or  the  Trees  being  burnt  in 
Fire-Hunting,  or  cut  down  for  Plantations. 

Their 


VIRGINIA.  ii 

Their  Children  almoft  as  foon  as  born,  are  ty'd 
flat  on  their  Backs  to  a  Board  ;  and  fo  may  be 
flung  on  the  Ground,  or  put  to  lean  againit  any 
Thing,  or  be  flung  over  their  Neck  in  Travelling, 
or  hung  upon  a  Bough,  as  Occafion  requires. 

This  occafions  them  to  be  exactly  ftrait ;  fo 
that  it  is  a  Miracle  to  fee  a  crooked  or  deformed 
Indian. 

Their  Hair  is  very  black,  coarfe  and  long ;  and 
they  are  all  over  daubed  frequently  with  Bear's  Oil. 

Each  Nation  has  fome  diitinguiiliing  Mark, 
especially  in  the  Cut  or  Tie  of  their  Hair,  in 
which  they  are  very  whimfical  and  comical. 

They  often  wear  Shells  hanging  upon  their 
Breaits,  with  Feathers  or  a  Deer's  Tail  in  their 
bored  Ears  or  Hair,  with  a  Wolf  or  Fox-Skin 
for  a  Snapiack  ;  with  other  odd  Accoutrements. 

In  their  Opinion,  they  are  fineit  when  dreffed 
moil  ridiculoufly  or  terribly.  Thus  fome  have 
their  Skins  all  over  curiouily  wrought  with  blewifh 
Lines  and  Figures,  as  if  done  with  Gun-Powder 
and  Needles,  and  all  of  them  delight  in  being 
painted  ;  fo  that  when  they  are  very  fine,  you  may 
fee  iome  of  them  with  their  Hair  cut  off  on  one 
Side,  and  a  long  Lock  on  the  other.  The  Crown 
being  crefted  and  bedaubed  with  red  Lead  and 
Oil  ;  their  Forehead  being  painted  white,  and  it 
may  be  their  Nofe  black,  and  a  Circle  of  Blue 
round  one  Eye,  with  the  Cheek  red,  and  all  the 
other  Side  of  the  Face  yellow,  or  in  fome  fuch 
fantailical  Manner.  Thefe  Colours  they  buy  of 
us,  being  perfuaded  to  defpife  their  own,  which 
are  common  and  finer. 

They  are  treacherous,  fufpicious  and  jealous, 
difficult  to  be  periuaded  or  impofed  upon,  and  ve 
ry  fliarp,  hard  in  Dealing,  and  ingenious  in  their 
Way,  and  in  Things  that  they  naturally  know,  or 
have  been  taught ;  though  at  firit  they  are  very 

C  2  obiHnate, 


12  The    STATE    of 

obitinate,  and  unwilling  to  apprehend  or  learn 
Novelties,  and  feem  itupid  and  filly  to  Strangers. 

An  Inltance  of  their  refolute  Stupidity  and  Ob- 
IHnacy  in  receiving  a  new  Cuitom,  I  have  feen  in 
the  prodigious  Trouble  of  bringing  them  to  fell 
their  Skins,  and  buy  Gunpowder  by  Weight ;  for 
they  could  not  apprehend  the  Power  and  Juitice  of 
the  Stilliard  ;  but  with  the  Scales  at  Length  they 
apprehended  it  tolerably  well ;  though  at  firft  they 
infilled  upon  as  much  Gunpowder  as  the  Skin 
weighed,  v/hich  was  much  more  than  their  De 
mand  in  Meafure.  They  have  Geographical  No 
tions,  as  to  the  Situation  of  their  own  Country, 
and  will  find  the  Way  to  very  remote  Places  in 
a  furprizing  Manner ;  fteering  by  the  Courfe  of 
the  Rivers,  &c.  or  by  the  Trees,  whole  North  Side 
is  eafily  known  by  the  Mofs. 

Thus  I  know,  that  Wickmannatauchee  (a  great 
King  among  the  Southern  Indians}  whom  I  faw 
juft  before,  and  fince,  when  he  made  his  Efcape 
from  his  Enemy  Indians  at  Chriftanna^  where  his 
Queen  and  abundance  of  his  People  were  flain, 
and  he  ty'd  in  order  to  be  carried  away  Prifoner ; 
yet  broke  loofe,  and  ran  direftly  Home  feveral 
hundred  Miles  ftark-naked,  without  Arms  or  Pro- 
vifion,  in  the  Month  of  March^  when  the  Trees 
afforded  no  Fruit;  neither  did  he  go  near  any  o- 
ther  Nation,  till  he  got  to  his  own ;  therefore  I 
fuppofe  Roots  were  his  Provifion,  and  Water  his 
Liquor,  unlefs  by  fome  cunning  Method  (with 
which  they  abound)  he  caught  Fifh,  Fowl,  or 
Venifon  ;  and  as  for  Fire  I  know  they  can  kindle 
that  by  rubbing  of  certain  Sticks  together. 

They  count  their  Time  by  Days,  or  by  the 
Return  of  the  Moon,  and  Cobouks,  a  fort  of  wild 
Geefe.  They  walk  one  after  another  in  a  Line, 
are  very  ferious  in  Debates,  fpeak  but  one  at  a 
Time ;  and  in  Negotiations  all  agree  to  what  ei 
ther 


VIRGINIA.  13 

ther  propofes  or  approves  of,  and  are  not  eanly 
impoied  upon  ;  and  when  affronted,  they  highly 
refent  Injuries,  and  being  treacherous  are  no  more 
to  be  truited  than  tame  Lions,  who  can't  wholly 
lofe  their  iavage  Hearts. 

They  have  tolerable  good  Notions  of  natural 
Juftice,  Equity,  Honour  and  Honefty,  to  the 
Rules  whereof  the  great  Men  ftridly  adhere  ;  but 
their  common  People  will  lye,  cheat,  and  (teal. 

They  feldom  commit  Violence  upon  the  E??g- 
lijh,  but  when  provoked,  or  put  on  by  others. 

The  French,  that  are  ieated  upon  the  River  of 
St.  Laurence  and  the  Mcflijippt,  and  the  Lakes  be 
tween  them  in  Canada,  and  Lo-ciftana,  which  ex 
tend  behind  all  the  Englijb  Plantations  along  the 
Heart  of  North  America  a  vail  Way,  from  the 
moil  Northern  Parts  of  the  French  Settlements, 
which  are  contiguous  quite  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexi 
co,  are  numerous,  and  through  the  Policy  of  their 
late  King  intermarry  with  the  Indians ;  by  which 
means  being  united  with  them,  they  often  fet  them 
on  to  destroy  the  Y.nglifi,  which  may  prove  dan 
gerous  in  Cafe  of  a  War  with  France. 

But  to  prevent  more  Mifchiefs  of  this  kind, 
Providence  has  fecured  us  from  them  by  a  conti 
nued  Ridge  of  vail  high  Hills,  called  the  Apela- 
chian  Mountains,  running  nearly  under  the  Meri 
dian,  as  being  paffable  but  in  very  few  Places  ; 
which  Mountains  through  the  Care  and  Conduct 
of  the  Honourable  Colonel  Spot/wood  are  fecured 
for  his  Majefty,  tho'  not  guarded  as  yet ;  which 
might  eafily  be  done  to  the  great  Safety  and  En 
couragement  of  back  Settlements  in  a  vaft  rich 
Country  Weftward  of  the  Settlements  of  Virgi 
nia,  fome  hundred  of  Miles  from  the  Sea  quite  to 
the  Mountains,  which  might  prove  a  Terror  to 
the  French  Indians  and  Planters,  in  Cafe  of  In 
roads  and  Irruptions,  and  become  a  Safeguard  to 
the  Trade  of  thole  Places.  Governor 


14  The    STATE    of 

Governor  Spotfwood,  when  he  undertook  the 
great  Difcovery  of  the  Paffage  over  the  Mountains, 
attended  with  a  fufficient  Guard  and  Pioneers  and 
Gentlemen,  with  a  fiifficient  Stock  of  Provifion, 
with  abundant  Fatigue  faffed  thefe  Mountains,  and 
cut  his  Majejlfs  Name  in  a  Rock  upon  the  Higheft 
of  them,  naming  it  MOUNT  GEORGE;  and  in 
Complaifance  the  Gentlemen  from  the  Governor's 
Name,  called  the  Mountain  next  in  Height, 
Mount  Alexander. 

For  this  Expedition  they  were  obliged  to  pro 
vide  a  great  Quantity  of  Horfe-Shoes ;  (Things 
feldom  ufed  in  the  lower  Parts  of  the  Country, 
where  there  are  few  Stones :)  Upon  which  Ac 
count  the  Governor  upon  their  Return  prefented 
each  of  his  Companions  with  a  Golden  Horfe-Shoe, 
(fome  of  which  I  have  feen  iludded  with  valuable 
Stones  refembling  the  Heads  of  Nails)  with  this 
Infcription  on  the  one  Side  :  Sic  juvat  tranfcendere 
monies :  And  on  the  other  is  written  the  tramon 
tane  Order. 

This  he  inftituted  to  encourage  Gentlemen  to 
venture  backwards,  and  make  Difcoveries  and  new 
Settlements ;  any  Gentleman  being  entitled  to  wear 
this  Golden  Shoe  that  can  prove  his  having  drank 
His  Majejifs  Health,  upon  MOUNT  GEORGE. 

He  built  a  Fort  called  Chriftanna,  which  tho' 
not  fo  far  back,  yet  proved  of  great  Service  and 
Ufe ;  where  at  his  fole  Expence  (I  think)  I  have 
feen  Seventy  Seven  Indian  Children  at  a  Time  at 
School,  under  the  careful  Management  of  the 
worthy  Mr.  Charles  Griffin,  who  lived  there  fome 
Years  for  that  Purpofe  ;  from  whom  I  have  been 
informed  of  moft  of  the  Indian  Cuftoms  and  Prin 
ciples,  that  I  here  mention,  except  fuch  as  I  have 
feen  and  known  my  felf. 

Thefe  Children  could  all  read,  fay  their  Cate- 
chifms  and  Prayers  tolerably  well ;  but  this  pious 

Defign 


VIRGINIA.  15 

Defign  being  laid  afide  thro'  the  Oppofition  af 
Trade  and  Intereft,  Mr.  Griffin  was  removed  to 
the  College  to  teach  the  Indians,  inftruded  there 
by  the  Benefaction  of  the  Honourable  Mr.  Boyle. 

The  Indians  fo  loved  and  adored  him,  that  I 
have  feen  them  hug  him  and  lift  him  up  in  their 
Arms,  and  fain  would  have  chofen  him  for  a 
King  of  the  Sit  pony  Nation. 

The  Southern  Indians,  that  came  feveral  hun 
dred  Miles  to  meet  the  Governor,  there  to  treat  of 
War,  and  Peace,  and  Trade,  though  they  had  fe 
veral  murthered  by  their  own  Northern  Enemies, 
(even  under  the  Mouths  of  our  great  Guns,  and 
whilil  we  were  there )  which  made  them  fomewhat 
jealous  that  we  had  betray'd  them  ;  yet  left  feve 
ral  Children  under  his  Care,  and  engaged  them- 
ielves  to  lend  more,  though  they  themielves  would 
not  relinquifli  their  Barbarity ;  for  they  in  rea- 
foning  with  us  by  Interpreters,  alked  Leave  to  be 
excuied  from  becoming  as  we  are ;  for  they  thought 
it  hard,  that  we  fhould  delire  them  to  change 
their  Manners  and  Cuftoms,  lince  they  did  not  de- 
foe  us  to  turn  Indians :  However,  they  permitted 
their  Children  to  be  brought  up  in  our  Way ;  and 
when  they  were  able  to  judge  for  themfelves,  they 
were  to  live  as  the  ENGLISH,  or  as  the  INDIANS, 
according  to  their  bed  liking. 

The  Indians  have  a  blind  Worfhip  and  Sacri 
fice,  Priefts,  and  Phyficians,  and  Expiation,  with 
howling  Lamentations  and  Purgation  at  their  Bu 
rials  :  All  which  I  have  feen  at  the  Funeral  of 
their  Slain  at  Ckrijlanna,  whom  they  buried  thus ; 
having  made  Holes  like  Saw-Pits,  and  lined  them 
with  Bark  and  Sticks,  they  wrapped  the  Bo 
dies  in  the  beft  Cloth  they  could  buy  with  the 
Skins  of  the  Deceafed,  and  laid  them  in  the  Graves, 
with  all  the  Cloths,  Skins  and  Nicknacks  of  the 
Dead :  Then  they  covered  the  Body  hollow  with 

Sticks, 


1 6  The    STATE    of 

Sticks,  and   flung   in   the  Earth  with  mournful 
Noife  ;  fo  the  Bodies  lay  as  in  Coffins. 

The  Prieft  or  Phyiician  in  curing  the  Wounded, 
made  an  hideous  Noife,  nnging  certain  Charms, 
with  particular  Adions  and  Forms  of  Incantation, 
to  which  he  afcribed  the  Cure,  tho'  I  believe  this 
is  done  only  to  blind  the  common  Indians ;  for  I 
obferved  he  did  not  begin  his  Operation,  till  he 
had  been  in  the  Woods.  Then  he  fliut  us  all  out 
for  an  Hour,  and  when  we  were  readmitted,  I 
perceived  he  had  been  uling  certain  Roots  and 
Herbs  that  I  knew  not. 

Upon  Enquiry,  we  have  from  them  thefe 
their  Notions  of  the  State  of  the  Dead. 

They  believe  that  they  go  to  Mobomny  that 
lives  beyond  the  Sun,  if  they  have  not  been 
Wicked,  nor  like  Dogs  nor  Wolves,  that  is,  not 
unchaft,  then  they  believe  that  Mahomny  fends 
them  to  a  plentiful  Country  abounding  with  Fifli, 
Flefh  and  Fowls,  the  beft  of  their  Kind,  and  eafy 
to  be  caught ;  but  if  they  have  been  naughty, 
then  he  lends  them  to  a  poor  barren  Country, 
where  be  many  Wolves  and  Bears,  with  a  few 
nimble  Deer,  fwift  Fifli  and  Fowls,  difficult  to  be 
taken ;  and  when  killed,  being  fcarce  any  thing 
but  Skin  and  Bones. 

They  allow  Polygamy,  if  the  Man  can  main 
tain  his  Family,  as  I  have  been  informed. 

They  punifli  Adultery  in  a  Woman  by  cutting 
off  her  Hair,  which  they  fix  upon  a  long  Pole 
without  the  Town ;  which  is  fuch  a  Difgrace  that 
the  Party  is  obliged  to  fly,  and  becomes  a  Vidim 
to  fome  Enemy,  a  Slave  to  fome  Rover,  or  pe- 
rifhes  in  the  Woods. 

They  have  certain  Hieroglypbical  Methods  of 
characterizing  Things ;  an  Inftance  of  which  I 
have  feen  upon  the  Side  of  a  Tree  where  the 
Bark  was  taken  off. 

.  There 


VIRGINIA.  17 

There  was  drawn  fomething  like  a  Deer  and 
a  River,  with  certain  Strokes  and  Dailies;  the 
Deer  looking  down  the  River,  which  we  inter 
preted  to  be  left  for  Information  to  fome  of  their 
itragling  Company,  that  certain  of  them  were 
gone  down  that  River  a  Hunting,  and  others  were 
gone  different  Ways. 

I  know  by  the  Boys  at  the  College,  that  they 
have  an  excellent  Gcnii/s  tor  Drawing  ;  and  I  fancy 
by  Art  they  might  be  made  fome  of  the  belt  Ma 
ilers  of  Painting  and  Limning,  to  which  they  feem 
naturally  inclined. 

They  hate  Injury  and  OppreiTion ;  and  I  have 
been  told  they  have  fome  capital  Punilliments. 

Belides  the  French,  the  ^Traders  of  iome  Com 
panies  and  Countries  often  fet  the  Indians  on  to 
injure  the  Y.nglijk  on  the  Frontiers,  out  of  a  bar 
barous  inhuman  Delign;  and  often  private  Injuries 
done  by  fome  of  our  ordinary  or  vile  People  (who 
efteem  and  ufe  the  Indians  as  Dogs)  are  repaid 
with  publick  Barbarity. 

An  Inihince  of  their  Refolutions  for  Satisfaction, 
we  have  in  the  Death  of  Major  ll'ynnc,  who  was 
ihot  by  an  Indian,  becaufe  one  of  our  Servants 
had  killed  one  of  their  great  Me/?;  and  upon  the 
Trial  of  the  Indian,  they  pleaded  that  we  were 
the  Aggreffors,  and  that  they  never  reft  without 
Revenge  and  Repriials  ;  and  that  now  they  laid 
we  and  they  were  equal,  having  each  loft  a  great 
Man:  Wherefore  to  avoid  more  Bloodihed,  there 
was  a  Neceffity  to  pardon  the  Indian. 

They  report  that  the  Northern  Indians  fend  out 
Bodies  of  young  Fellows  yearly,  who  dare  not 
return  without  a  certain  Number  of  Scalps  or 
Prifoners,  in  order  to  train  them  up,  and  qualify 
them  for  great  and  fighting  Men. 

Now  thefe,  and  fuch  as  are  fet  on  by  others, 
do  fome  Mifchief  (tho'  but  very  feldom)  in  the 

D  Frontier 


i8  The    S  T  A  T  E   of 

Frontier  Plantations,  tho'  they  be  guarded  with 
Rangers ;  and  thefe  with  fuch  as  think  themfelves 
injured  are  the  Indians  that  make  Wars,  and  fuch 
Difturbance  in  the  Northern  and  Southern  Colo 
nies  :  But  the  tributary  Indians^  of  which  there 
are  but  four  very  (mall  Nations  in  Virginia  on  this 
Side  the  Mountains,  keep  to  the  Bounds  allowed 
them,  and  feldom  do  any  Hurt,  being  fure  to  be 
punifhed  for  Offences  in  a  great  Meafure  by  our 
Laws,  fince  we  proted  and  (belter  them,  by  per 
mitting  them  to  live  among  us ;  tho'  fometimes 
they  will  pretend  to  claim  their  prior  Right  to  all 
our  Lands,  as  Blunt  King  of  the  rfuJJcaroodaus  did, 
when  he  told  Colonel  Spot/wood  that  the  Country 
belonged  to  them  before  we  Englijb  came  thither ; 
fo  that  he  thought  they  had  a  better  Title  than 
we,  and  ought  not  to  be  confined  to  fuch  narrow 
Limits  for  Hunting. 

To  retort  this  Argument,  the  Governor  told 
him  that  Mohomny  took  the  Ground  from  them 
and  gave  it  us^  becaufe  we  did  as  he  bid  us,  but 
they  would  not. 

Blunt  anfwered,  that  they  could  not  tell  what 
Mohomny  would  have  them  do ;  and  alked  how 
we  knew. 

The  Governor  then  told  him  that  Mohomny  fent 
his  Son  to  us,  who  lived  a  long  time  with  us,  and 
told  us  and  taught  us  what  we  fhould  do;  and 
then  he  went  back  again  to  his  Father. 
..  With  this  King  Blunt  feemed  fatisfied  and  fur- 
prized  ;  and  after  a  Paufe,  he  {aid,  he  had  talked 
with  feveral  Governors  and  other  Englifb,  but  he 
really  never  before  heard  that  Mohomny  had  a 
Son. 

I  relate  this,  to  (hew  how  by  Degrees,  after  pro 
per  Methods,  they  may  be  humoured,  and  brought 
to  have  fome  Notions  of  the  true  Religion,  when 
their  Capacity  and  Temper  is  rightly  ftudied  and 
3  managed ; 


VIRGINIA.  19 

managed ;  for  we  muft  grcc  Milk  to  fuch  Babes  in 
Faith. 

Some  indeed,  after  leeming  Converfion  have  a- 
poilatized  and  returned  to  their  own  Ways,  chiefly 
becaufe  they  can  live  with  lefs  Labour,  and  more 
Pleafure  and  Plenty,  as  Indians,  than  they  can  with 
us  ;  but  this  might  eafily  be  remedied  by  making 
a  plentiful  Provifion  for  them,  especially  thole  at 
the  College,  by  fending  fome  to  Sea,  and  putting 
out  others  to  Trades,  and  not  letting  them  idle 
away  their  Time,  nor  return  to  their  Towns  fo 
foon,  before  they  be  perfect  in  the  Underftanding 
and  Approbation  of  our  Cuftoms  and  Religion, 
and  have  feen  fome  more  of  the  World,  and  be 
handfomly  provided  for  ;  for  then  if  they  return 
ed,  they  might  do  Good  to  themfelves  and  o- 
thers. 

This  might  by  Degrees  convert  all  the  tributary 
and  neighbouring  Indians ;  and  the  Northern  and 
Southern  Nations  might  be  managed  \yjMiffionaries 
from  the  Society,  and  the  College  Indians. 

Thefe  inland  People  are  vaitly  numerous,  as  I 
have  been  told  by  the  Traders,  who  are  lent  out 
amongft  them  feven  or  eight  hundred  Miles,  with 
about  a  hundred  Horfes,  and  (lay  there  fometimes 
for  Years  together. 

The  MifTionaries  that  are  now  fent,  generally 
keep  among  the  Yjiglift,  and  rarely  fee  an  Indian  ; 
or  when  they  do,  know  but  little  how  to  manage 
them ;  for  you  may  as  well  talk  Reafon,  Philofo- 
phy,  or  Divinity  to  a  Block,  as  to  them,  unlefs  you 
perfectly  underiiand  their  Temper,  and  know  how 
to  humour  them. 

I  believe  indeed,  Mr.  Andrews,  Miffionary  to 
the  Northern  Indians,  in  the  late  Qi/ee/i's  Time, 
did  great  Good  among  them  in  feven  Years :  In 
which  Time,  he  found  out  fomething  of  their 
Nature,  and  tranflated  Part  of  our  Prayers  and 
D  2  Pfalms 


20  The    STATE    of 

Pfalms  into  their  Language:  Which  Book  when  he 
gave  me,  he  told  me  that  it  had  not  the  deiired 
Effeft,  neither  did  his  Preaching  avail  as  much  as 
could  be  wifhed,  becaufe  Policy  and  Intereft  in 
tervening  often  fuperieded  the  Promotion  of  the 
Gofpel,  and  the  debauched  Lives  and  vile  Praftices 
of  our  ordinary  People  give  Examples  very  perni 
cious  to  Religion ;  for  the  Indians  think,  that 
they  may  furely  be  allowed  the  fame  Liberty  as 
we ;  and  if  our  Folks  don't  'aft,  as  they  fay,  they 
fhould,  the  Indians  may  think  the  Chrijlian  Pro- 
fejjion  to  be  a  Cheat,  when  our  pretended  Princi 
ples  are  contradifted  by  our  Aftions. 

I  have  here  fpecified  fome  general  Cuftoms  and 
Notions  of  the  Indians,  without  a  f'uperficial 
Knowledge  of  which  Things  the  Government 
and  Society  for  propagating  the  Goipel  in  Fo 
reign  Parts,  may  be  at  great  Trouble  and  Expence, 
and  yet  make  but  fmall  Progrefs  in  the  Propaga 
tion  of  Learning,  Religion  and  good  Manners 
among  the  Heathen  Indians  of  America ;  who  in 
Grofs  may  all  be  (aid  to  be  fuch,  as  I  have  here 
given  an  Account  of. 


PART  II 


V I %  G  I  N  I A 


PART     II. 


21 


CHAP.      I. 
Of  the  Englifh  Settlements  in  Virginia. 


H  E  firft  Difcovery  made  for  the  EngUJIi 
pCjS^i  in  North-  America,  was  in  the  Year  1584, 
^S^^S  (a  nundred  and  forty  Years  ago)byCaptain 
fc&£wS»$  Philip  Arnhlds,  and  Captain  Arthur  Ear- 
low,  by  the  Protection  and  Encouragement  of 
^ueen  Elizabeth  ;  with  the  Perfuanon  and  Dire&ion 
of  Sir  ir  alter  Raleigh. 

They  anchored  at  Rocnoak  Inlet,  now  belong 
ing  to  the  Government  of  North  Carolina,  and 
from  the  /  'irgin  Queen,  and  the  apparent  Purity  of 
the  Indians,  and  primitive  Plenty  of  the  Place, 
that  new  difcover'd  Part  of  the  World  was  named 
Virginia. 

After  that,  Sir  Richard  Grcetrcile,  Sir  Francis 
Drake,  and  Sir  Waller  Raleigh  carried  on  the  Pro- 
jeft,  and  made  Advancements  in  it,  with  the  Leave 
of  the  Government;  which  were  promoted  and 
continued  by  the  Merchants  of  London,  Erijlol, 
Exeter  and  Plymouth  ;  with  Variety  of  Accidents, 
Succeffes  and  Difappointments  in  Refpect  of  their 
Trade  and  ProfeiTions,  and  War  and  Peace  with 
the  Indians  ;  efpecially  under  the  Conduft  of  Cap 
tain  Smith,  who  was  employed  by  the  Company 
of  Merchants  incorporated  by  King  James  I.  in 
1606  ;  and  has  written  a  large  Hiftory  of  his  par 
ticular  Tranfaftions. 

They 


22  The    STATE    of 

They  then  fixed  chiefly  at,  and  near  James 
TOK;??,  on  a  fmall  Ifland  in  James  River,  till  the 
Year  1609,  when  they  fent  out  Settlements  to 
Nanfemona,  Poivhatau,  and  the  Year  after  to  Ki- 
quotan. 

After  that  the  Plantations  of  Virginia  were 
formed  into  a  Government,  managed  firft  by  three, 
and  afterwards  by  one  Governor,  to  whofe  Af- 
fiitance  in  a  fmall  Time  they  added  Counftllors; 
and  in  1620,  they  called  an  Affembly  of  BurgeJJes, 
who  being  elected  by  the  People,  met  the  Gover 
nor  and  Council  at  James  tfown,  and  debated  Mat 
ters  for  the  Improvement  and  good  Government 
of  the  Country. 

About  this  Time  the  Diitch  brought  over  fome 
Negroes  for  Sale,  who  are  now  wonderfully  en- 
creafed;  befides  the  conftant  Supplies  of  them 
imported  yearly. 

At  this  Time,they  made  new  Settlements,  laid  out 
and  apportioned  Lands,  fome  to  the  Governor,  fome 
for  a  College  and  Indian  School,  fome  to  the  Church 
and  Glebes,  and  fome  to  particular  Perfons ;  and 
carried  on  Salt  Works  and  Iron  Works,  befides  to 
bacco. 

This  Profperity  of  the  Colony  fo  encouraged 
its  Increafe,  that  one  thoufand  three  hundred  Peo 
ple  have  gone  over  in  one  Year  to  fettle  there  ; 
upon  which  they  made  Country  Courts  for  the  Tryal 
of  fome  Caufes  and  Criminals  under  the  General 
Court  and  Affembly ;  but  private  Intereft  and  Quar 
rels  byaiTmg  the  Governors  and  other  Perfons 
concerned,  often  introduced  ill  Succefs,  Faftion, 
and  Indian  Wars. 

The  fatal  Confequences  of  this  Male-Admini- 
Jlration  cry'd  fo  loud,  that  King  Charles  I.  coming 
to  the  Crown  of  England,  had  a  tender  Concern 
for  the  poor  People,  that  had  been  betrayed  thi 
ther  and  almoft  loft:  Upon  which  he  diffolved 

the 


VIRGINIA.  23 

the  Company  in  1626,  reducing  the  Country  and 
Government  into  his  own  immediate  Direction, 
appointing  the  Governor  and  Council  himfelf,  and 
ordering  all  Patents  and  ProceJ/es  to  iffue  in  his 
own  Name,  referving  to  himielf  a  Quit-Rent  of 
two  Shillings  for  every  hundred  Acres  of  Land. 

In  this  happy  Constitution,  the  Colony  of  /7r- 
ginia  has  proiperoufly  encreaied  gradually  and 
wonderfully,  to  its  prefent  moil  flouriihing  Con 
dition. 

Indeed  Btico/fs  Rebellion  againft  the  Governor 
occafioned  a  great  deal  of  Bloodihed  and  Dillur- 
bance;  but  that  after  his  Death  loon  ceafed. 

The  affured  good  Report  of  this  valt  Trad  of 
Land  and  happy  Climate  encouraged  feveral  Gen 
tlemen  of  Condition  and  good  Defcent,  to  tran- 
fport  themfelves  and  Families,  and  fettle  in  this 
new  Paradife ;  fome  for  the  Sake  of  Wealth,  fome 
for  Religion,  and  others  becaufe  they  could  not 
well  live  elfewhere  ;  and  others  becaufe  they  dared 
not,  or  cared  not  to  fray  at  Home. 

But  one  particular  Occafion  that  lent  feveral  Fa 
milies  of  good  Birth  and  Fortune  to  fettle  there, 
was  the  Civil  Wars  in  England;  for  Sir  William 
Bcirklcv  the  Governor  being  ftrong  for  the  King, 
held  out  the  lalt  of  all  the  King's  Dominions  againit 
the  Ufurper;  and  likewife  proclaimed  King  Charles 
II.  before  the  Rejioration. 

This  fafe  Receptacle  enticed  over  feveral  Cava- 
Her  Families,  where  they  made  many  Laws  againtt 
Puritans,  tho'  they  were  free  from  them ;  which 
had  this  good  Succefs,  that  to  this  Day,  the  Peo 
ple  are  as  it  were  quite  free  from  them,  being  all  of 
the  Church  of  England,  without  the  odious  diitin- 
guiiliing  Characters  of  High  or  Low  among  them 
felves.  Indeed,  there  are  a  few  Qr/cfkers  in  fome 
of  the  word:  Counties,  where  Clergymen  are  un 
willing  to  fettle,  fuch  as  the  lower  Parts  of  Nan/e- 

mond 


24.  The    STATE    of 

mond  County ;  but  thefe  might  eafily  be  brought 
over  to  the  Church;  and  I  am  fully  perfuaded 
that  the  Growth  of  their  Do&rine  might  be  eafi- 
ly  nipped  in  the  Bud,  by  very  plain  Methods. 

Among  other  Perfons  of  Diftindion  that  went 
over  to  fettle  in  Virginia,  was  the  noble  C&cilius 
Calve rt  Lord  Baltimore,  a  Roman  Catholick,  who 
with  his  Family,  Friends  and  Attendants,  was 
willing  to  retire  thither  for  the  free  Exercife  of 
his  Religion. 

He  obtained  a  Patent  for  all  that  vaft  Part  of 
Virginia,  which  lies  to  the  Northward  of  the 
great  River  Potowmack,  which  was  confirmed  to 
his  Son  and  his  Heirs  in  the  Year  1633. 

This  Province  was  named  Maryland  from  the 
Royal  Confort  of  King  Charles  I.  and  remains  (till 
the  Propriety  of  the  prefent  Lord  Baltimore  and  his 
Heirs,  with  the  Reftri&ion  of  their  being  Pro- 
tejlants ;  and  is  perhaps  the  largeft  Eftate  in  the 
World  belonging  to  any  one  Perfon,  that  is  not  a 
Prince. 

Though  the  Church  of  England  be  eftablifh'd 
in  Maryland ';  yet  it  is  a  Sanftuary  for  Papifts,  who 
are  pretty  numerous  there,  and  enjoy  the  Freedom 
of  their  Priefts  and  Mafs  in  a  great  Meafure,  with 
out  Moleftation. 


CHAP. 


VIRGINIA.  25 


CHAP.      II. 

Of  the  Metropolis  Williamfburgh,  and 
the  College  j  Capitol,  and  Governor's 
,  and  the  Church,  &c. 

E  firft  Metropolis,  James  Tkc;/;,  was 
built  in  tlie  moil  convenient  Place  for 
Trade  and  Security  againlt  the  Indians, 
b^  °ften  received  much  Damage,  be 
ing  twice  burnt  down  ;  after  which  it  never  reco 
vered  its  Perfection,  coniiiling  at  preient  of  no 
thing  but  Abundance  of  Brick  Rubbifh,  and  three 
or  four  good  inhabited  Houies,  tho'  the  Pariih  is 
of  pretty  large  Extent,  but  lefs  than  others.  When 
the  State  Houfc  and  Prifon  were  burnt  down,  Go 
vernor  Nicholfon  removed  the  Rendence  of  the 
Governor,  with  the  Meeting  of  General  Courts  and 
General  Affeniblies  to  Middle  Plantation,  {"even 
Miles  from  James  ^oicn,  in  a  healthier  and  more 
convenient  Place,  and  freer  from  the  Annoyance 
of  Mujlettoes. 

Here  he  laid  out  the  City  of  Williamjh'urgh  (in 
the  Form  of  a  Cypher,  made  of  //  .  and  M.)  on 
a  Ridge  at  the  Head  Springs  of  two  great  Creeks, 
one  running  into  James,  and  the  other  into  fork 
River,  which  are  each  navigable  for  Sloops,  with 
in  a  Mile  of  the  Town ;  at  the  Head  of  which 
Creeks  are  good  Landings,  and  Lots  laid  out,  and 
Dwelling  Houfes  and  Ware  Houfes  built ;  io  that 
this  Town  is  moft  conveniently  fituated,  in  the 
Middle  of  the  lower  Part  of  Virginia,  command 
ing  two  noble  Rivers,  not  above  four  Miles  from 
either,  and  is  much  more  commodious  and  health 
ful,  than  if  built  upon  a  River. 

E  Publick 


26  The    STATE    of 

Publick  Buildings  here  of  Note,  are  the  Col 
lege,  the  Capitol,  the  Governor's  Houfe,  and 
the  Church.  The  Latitude  of  the  College  at 
Williamjburgh,  to  the  belt  of  my  Obfervation,  is 
37°.  2i'.  North. 

The  Front  which  looks  due  Eajl  is  double,  and 
is  136  Foot  long.  It  is  a  lofty  Pile  of  Brick 
Building  adorn'd  with  a  Cupola.  At  the  North 
End  runs  back  a  large  Wing,  which  is  a  hand- 
fome  Hall,  anfwerable  to  which  the  Chapel  is  to 
be  built ;  and  there  is  a  fpacious  Piazza  on  the 
Weft .  Side,  from  one  Wing  to  the  other.  It  is 
approached  by  a  good  Walk,  and  a  grand  Entrance 
by  Steps,  with  good  Courts  and  Gardens  about 
it,  with  a  good  Houfe  and  Apartments  for  the  In 
dian  Majler  and  his  Scholars,  and  Out-Houfes; 
and  a  large  Failure  enclofed  like  a  Park  with  about 
150  Acres  of  Land  adjoining,  for  occalional  Ufes. 

The  Building  is  beautiful  and  commodious,  be 
ing  firft  modelled  by  Sir  Chriflopher  Wren,  adapted 
to  the  Nature  of  the  Country  by  the  Gentlemen 
there ;  and  fince  it  was  burnt  down,  it  has  been 
rebuilt,  and  nicely  contrived,  altered  and  adorned 
by  the  ingenious  Direction  of  Governor  Spot/wood; 
and  is  not  altogether  unlike  Chelfea  Hofpital. 

This  Royal  Foundation  was  granted  and  efta- 
bliili'd  by  Charter,  by  King  William  and  Queen  Ma 
ry,  and  endowed  by  them,  with  fome  thouiand 
Acres  of  Land,  with  Duties  upon  Furs  and  Skins, 
and  a  Penny  a  Pound  for  all  Tobacco  tranfported 
from  Virginia  and  Maryland,  to  the  other  Planta 
tions  ;  to  which  have  been  made  feveral  additional 
Benefadions,  as  that  handfom  Eftablifhment  of 
Mr.  Boyle,  for  the  Education  of  Indians,  with  the 
many  Contributions  of  the  Country,  efpecially  a 
late  one  of  looo/.  to  buy  Negroes  for  the  College 
Ufe  and  Service. 


The 


VIRGINIA.  27 

The  Society  is  a  Corporation  eftablifh'd  for  a 
Prcjident,  //v  Mafiers  or  Profcffbrs,  with  a  hun 
dred  Scholars,  more  or  lefs. 

For  fome  Caufes  that  I  can't  account  for,  the  Re 
venue  is  not  improved  as  much  as  might  be  wifli- 
ed ;  neither  is  the  College  brought  to  that  Method 
of  Education  and  Advantage,  as  it  might  be ;  tho' 
'tis  hoped,  that  in  a  few  Years  it  will,  like  the 
Palm  Tree,  grow  to  the  greater  Perfection,  un 
der  the  weighty  Obftacles  that  load  it. 

The  Salary  of  the  Prefident  Mr.  Jcimcs  Blair, 
has  been  lately  ordered  to  be  reduced  from  150  to 
1OO  /.  per  Ann. 

The  Salary  of  the  Fellows  (one  of  which  I 
have  been  feveral  Years)  is  80  /.  per  Ann.  each, 
with  20  s.  Entrance,  and  20  s.  a  Year  for  Pupilage 
for  each  Scholar :  The  Payments  are  fometimes 
made  in  Current  Spanifli  Money,  and  fometimes  in 
Sterling  Bills. 

The  Nature  of  the  Country  fcarce  yet  admits 
of  a  Poffibility  of  reducing  the  Collegians  to  the 
nice  Methods  of  Life  and  Study  obierved  in  O.v- 
ford  and  Cambridge  \  tho'  by  Degrees  they  may 
copy  from  thence  many  uieful  Cultoms  and  Con- 
ftitutions. 

When  the  College  (hall  be  compleatly  fmiflied, 
and  Scholarships  founded,  then  is  the  Truit  to  be 
transferred  from  the  Tn/Jkcs  to  the  Prefident  and 
Majicrs ;  but  at  preient  it  is  managed  by  a  certain 
Number  of  Governors  or  Tijitors,  (one  of  which 
is  chofen  yearly  Reffor)  appointed  nrft  by  the 
Tntjlecs,  elected  out  of  the  principal  and  worthieft 
Inhabitants. 

Thefe  appoint  a  Perfon,  to  whom  they  grant 
feveral  Privileges  and  Allowances  to  board  and 
lodge  the  Mailers  and  Scholars  at  an  extraordinary 
cheap  Rate. 

E  2  This 


28  The   S  T  AT  E   of 

This  Office  is  at  prefent  performed  in  the  neat- 
eft  and  moft  regular  and  plentiful  Manner,  by 
Mrs.  Mary  Stith,  a  Gentlewoman  of  great  Worth 
and  Difcretion,  in  good  Favour  with  the  Gentry, 
and  great  Efteem  and  Refpeft  with  the  common 
People. 

Great  Pity  it  is,  but  the  noble  Defign  of  this 
College  met  with  more  Friends  to  encourage,  and 
Benefa&ors  to  advance,  its  flourifliing  State. 

One  Happinefs  is,  that  it  has  always  a  Chancel 
lor  in  England,  chofen  by  the  Governors  or  Feof 
fees  ;  to  whofe  Patronage  and  Direction  it  may 
have  Recourfe  upon  emergent  Occafions. 

The  laft  Chancellor  was  the  late  Eijliop  of  Lon 
don  ;  and  the  prefent  is  his  Grace  the  Archbijhop  of 
Canterbury. 

The  Chancellor  continues  in  that  Office  but  fe- 
ven  Years ;  fo  that  it  may  happen  as  foon  as  he 
has  obtained  a  perfeft  Knowledge  and  Acquain 
tance  with  the  Perfons  and  Affairs  belonging  to 
the  College,  his  Term  is  expired  :  Bendes  their  Bu- 
finefs  in  other  momentous  Affairs  at  Home  may 
divert  them,  and  the  Diftance  of  the  Country 
may  prevent  them  from  obtaining  true  Notions, 
and  exad  Accounts  of  the  Nature  of  the  Colony 
and  the  College ;  fo  that  for  thefe  Reafons,  they  can't 
do  for  it  the  Good,  which  they  otherwife  might : 
For  their  better  Information,  and  for  Direction  of 
all,  in  promoting  Religion  and  Learning  in  this 
Plantation,  I  have  made  Publick  this  Account  of 
it,  and  its  Inhabitants. 

Fronting  the  College  at  near  its  whole  Breadth, 
is  extended  a  noble  Street  mathematically  ftreight 
(for  the  firft  Defign  of  the  Town's  Form  is 
changed  to  a  much  better)  juft  three  Quarters  of 
a  Mile  in  Length :  At  the  other  End  of  which 
ftands  the  Capitol,  a  noble,  beautiful,  and  commodi 
ous  Pile  as  any  of  its  Kind,  built  at  the  Coft  of  the 

late 


VIRGINIA.  29 

late  '^iieen,  and  by  the  Direction  of  the  (j over 
t/or. 

In  this  is  the  Secretary's  Office  with  all  the 
Courts  of  Jufiice  and  Lcnc\  held  in  the  fame  Form, 
and  near  the  fame  Manner,  as  in  England-,  except 
the  Eccleftajlical  Courts. 

Here  the  Governor  and  t-icel-'ce  Counsellors  fit  as 
Judges,  at  the  General  Courts  in  April  and  0^/0- 
ber,  whither  Trials  and  Caufes  are  removed  from 
Courts,  held  at  the  Court-Houfes  Monthly  in  eve 
ry  County  by  a  Bench  of  'Ju/hces  and  a  County 
Clerk. 

Here  are  alfo  held  the  Over  and  ^er  miner  Courts, 
one  in  Summer,  and  the  other  in  Winter,  added 
by  the  Charity  of  the  late  Q/cen,  for  the  Preven 
tion  of  Prifoners  lying  in  Goal  above  a  Quarter 
of  a  Year  before  their  Trial. 

Here  are  alfo  held  Courts  Martial,  by  Judges 
appointed  on  Purpofe,  for  the  'Trial  of  Pyrates  ; 
like  wife  Courts  of  Admiralty,  for  the  Trial  of 
Skips  for  illegal  Trade. 

The  Building  is  in  the  Form  of  an  H  nearly ; 
the  Secretary's  Office,  and  the  General  Court  taking 
up  one  Side  below  Stairs ;  the  Middle  being  an 
handfom  Portico  leading  to  the  Clerk  of  the  Af- 
femblfs  Office,  and  tbe  Hoi/fe  of  Burgejfes  on  the 
other  Side;  which  lait  is  not  unlike  the  Houfe 
of  Commons. 

In  each  Wing  is  a  good  Stair  Cafe,  one  leading 
to  the  Council  Chamber,  where  the  Governor  and 
Council  fit  in  very  great  State,  in  Imitation  of 
the  King  and  Council,  or  the  Lord  Chancellor  and 
Houfe  of  Lords. 

Over  the  Portico  is  a  large  Room  where  Confe 
rences  are  held,  and  Prayers  are  read  by  the  Chap 
lain  to  the  General  ArTembly ;  which  Office  I 
have  had  the  Honour  for  fome  Years  to  perform. 
At  one  End  of  this  is  a  Lobby,  and  near  it  is  the 
e  Clerk 


30  The    S  T  A  r  K    of 

Clerk  of  the  Council's  Office ;  and  at  the  other  End 
are  feveral  Chambers  for  the  Committees  of  Claims, 
Privileges,  and  Elections ;  and  over  all  thefe  are  fe- 
veral  good  Offices  for  the  Reccrcer  General,  for 
the  Auditor,  ^reafurcr,  &c.  and  upon  the  Middle 
is  raifed  a  lofty  Cupola  with  a  large  Clock. 

The  whole  is  furrounded  with  a  neat  Area, 
encompaffed  with  a  good  Wall,  and  near  it  is  a 
itrong  fweet  Prifon  for  Criminals ;  and  on  the  o- 
ther  Side  of  an  open  Court  another  for  Debtors, 
when  any  are  removed  thither  from  other  Prifons 
in  each  County ;  but  fuch  Prifoners  are  very  rare, 
the  Creditors  being  there  generally  very  merciful, 
and  the  Laws  fo  favourable  for  Debtors,  that  fome 
efteem  them  too  indulgent. 

The  Caufe  of  my  being  fo  particular  in  de- 
fcribing  the  Capitol  is,  becaule  it  is  the  beft  and 
moft  commodious  Pile  of  its  Kind  that  I  have 
feen  or  heard  of. 

Becaufe  the  State  Houfe,  James  fawn,  and  the 
College  have  been  burnt  down,  therefore  is  pro 
hibited  in  the  Capitol  the  Ufe  of  Fire,  Candles, 
and  Tobacco. 

Parallel  to  the  main  Street  mentioned  is  a 
Street  on  each  Side  of  it,  but  neither  quite  fo 
long  nor  broad ;  and  at  proper  Diftances  are  fmall 
crofs  Streets,  for  the  Convenience  of  Communi 
cation. 

Near  the  Middle  ftands  the  Church,  which  is  a 
large  ftrong  Piece  of  Brickwork  in  the  Form  of 
a  Crofs,  nicely  regular  and  convenient,  and  adorn 
ed  as  the  belt  Churches  in  London.  This  from 
the  Pariili  is  called  Eruton  Church,  where  I  had 
the  Favour  of  being  Lefturer. 

Near  this  is  a  large  Oftogon  Tower,  which  is 
the  Magazine  or  Repofitory  of  Arms  and  Ammu 
nition,  landing  far  from  any  Houfe  except  Jdmes 


V  I  K  C,  I  N  I  A.  31 

c~Tov:n    Court-Hoi/je  ;    for     the     Town    is    half    in 
jf  a  Hies  'Toi^n  County,  and  half  in  Tork  County. 

Not  far  from  hence  is  a  large  Area  for  a  Mar- 
kct  ['lace;  near  which  is  a  l*lav  Hoi/Je  and  good 
Boiling  Green. 

From  the  Church  runs  a  Street  Northward  cal 
led  Palace  Street;  at  the  other  End  of  which 
Hands  the  Pa/are  or  Governor's  Roitfe,  a  magnifi 
cent  Structure,  built  at  the  publick  Expence,  fi- 
nilhed  and  beautified  with  Gates,  fine  Gardens, 
Offices,  Walks,  a  fine  Canal,  Orchards,  6!Y.  with 
a  great  Number  of  the  belt  Arms  nicely  poiited, 
by  the  ingenious  Contrivance  of  the  moil  accom- 
pliihed  Colonel  Spotficood. 

This  likewiie  has  the  ornamental  Addition  ot  a 
good  Cupola  or  Lan/horn,  illuminated  with  moil 
of  the  Town,  upon  Birth-Nights,  and  other  Nights 
of  occalional  Rejoicings. 

At  the  Capitol,  at  publick  Times,  may  be  feen  a 
great  Number  of  handlom,  well-drefs'd,  compleat 
Gentlemen.  And  at  the  Governors  Houle  upon 
Birth-Nights,  and  at  Balls  and  Affemblies,  \  have 
leen  as  fine  an  Appearance,  as  good  Diverfion, 
and  as  fplendid  Entertainments  in  Governor  SpotJ- 
iL'ooJ's  T///,v,  as  I  have  leen  an}'  where  elle. 

Thele  Buildings  here  defcribed  are  julUy  repu 
ted  the  belt  in  all  the  Knglijb  America,  and  are  ex 
ceeded  by  few  of  their  Kind  in  England. 

In  every  Part  of  this  Town  are  excellent  Springs 
of  good  Water,  or  elle  may  be  made  good  Wells; 
and  the  Ground  falling  on  both  Sides,  conveys 
the  Water  and  Rain  by  fmall  Channels  into  the 
Creeks;  but  to  make  the  main  Street  exactly  le 
vel,  the  Affembly  lately  gave  a  confiderable  Sum, 
which  was  expended  in  removing  Earth  in  lome 
Places,  and  building  a  Bridge  over  a  low  Channel ; 
lo  that  it  is  now  a  pleafant,  long  dry  Walk,  broad, 
and  almoit  level  from  the  College  to  the  Capitol. 

11 "//, 


32  The    STATE    of 

Williamjhurgh  is  now  incorporated  and  made  a 
Market  'Town,  and  governed  by  a  Mayor -and  Alder 
men  ;  and  is  well  ftock'd  with  rich  Stores,  of  all 
Sorts  of  Goods,  and  well  furnifhed  with  the  beft 
Provifions  and  Liquors. 

Here  dwell  feveral  very  good  Families,  and  more 
refide  here  in  their  own  Houfes  at  publick  Times. 

They  live  in  the  fame  neat  Manner,  drefs  after 
the  fame  Modes,  and  behave  themfelves  exaftly  as 
the  Gentry  in  London ;  moft  Families  of  any  Note 
having  a  Coach,  Chariot,  Berlin,  or  Chaife. 

The  Number  of  Artificers  is  here  daily  aug 
mented  ;  as  are  the  convenient  Ordinaries  or  Inns 
for  Accommodation  of  Strangers. 

The  Servants  here,  as  in  other  Parts  of  the 
Country,  are  Englifb,  Scotch,  Irijh,  or  Negroes. 

The  Town  is  laid  out  regularly  in  Lots  or  fquare 
Portions,  fufficient  each  for  a  Houfe  and  Garden ; 
fo  that  they  don't  build  contiguous,  whereby  may 
be  prevented  the  fpreading  Danger  of  Fire ;  and 
this  alfo  affords  a  free  Paffage  for  the  Air,  which 
is  very  grateful  in  violent  hot  Weather. 

Here,  as  in  other  Parts,  they  build  with  Brick, 
but  moft  commonly  with  Timber  lined  with  Ciel- 
ing,  and  cafed  with  feather-edged  Plank,  painted 
with  white  Lead  and  Oil,  covered  with  Shingles 
of  Cedar,  &c.  tarr'd  over  at  firft ;  with  a  Paflage 
generally  through  the  Middle  of  the  Houfe  for  an 
Air-Draught  in  Summer. 

Thus  their  Houfes  are  lading,  dry,  and  warm 
in  Winter,  and  cool  in  Summer ;  efpecially  if 
there  be  Windows  enough  to  draw  the  Air. 

Thus  they  dwell  comfortably,  genteely,  plea- 
fantly,  and  plentifully  in  this  delightful,  healthful, 
and  (I  hope)  thriving  City  of  William/burgh. 


CHAP. 


VIRGINIA.  33 


CHAP.      1IL 

Of  the  Situation  and  Nature  of  the  Coun 
try  of  Virginia,  and  its  Coafls,  &c. 

N  D  E  R  the  Meridian  is  extended  the 
Expanfe  Bay  of  Chejapeak,  efteemed  one 
of  the  nobleit  and  lafeft  Bays  in  the 
World. 

The  Land  on  the  Eajl  Side  of  it  is  called  the 
Eaftern  Shore,  the  Northern  Part  of  it  belonging 
to  Maryland,  and  the  Southern  containing  Acco- 
mack  and  Northampton  Counties  belonging  to  /7/-- 
ginia  ;  at  the  extreme  Point  of  which  lies  one  of 
the  Capes  of  Virginia,  the  other  being  opponte 
to  it,  one  called  Cape  Henry,  and  the  other  Cape 
Charles ;  "without  theie  runs  a  bold  Shore  South 
ward,  being  the  Coaft  of  North  Carolina. 

After  Ships  are  clear  of  England,  they  need  go 
near  neither  Land,  Rocks,  nor  Shoals,  but  in  a 
dired  Courfe  might  crofs  the  vaft  Atlantick  0- 
cean  about  a  thouiand  Leagues  nearly  //'.  S.  W . 
till  they  make  Land  fomewhat  to  the  Southward 
of  the  Capes  ;  then  knowing  (by  their  Latitude, 
or  Landmarks,  or  by  certain  Trees)  what  Land  they 
are  near,  they  may  eanly  get  within  the  Capes, 
unlefs  they  happen  to  be  kept  off  to  Sea  for  fome 
Time  by  bluftering  Northwefters  \  or  unlefs  they 
careleffly  fall  upon  Cape  Hatteras,  or  other  Shoals 
on  that  Coaft,  in  known  Latitudes ;  fo  that  this 
may  be  efteemed  as  eafy  a  Voyage  as  any. 

There  are  belonging  to  Virginia  four  principal 
Rivers  (neither  of  them  inferior  upon  many  Ac 
counts  to  the  Thames  or  Severn)  that  empty  them- 
felves  into  the  Bay  after  they  have  glided  fome 
F  Hundreds 


34-  The    S  T  A  T  R    of 

Hundreds  of  Miles  fromwards  the  Mountains, 
the  Wettern  Bounds  of  Virginia. 

The  moil  Southerly  of  thefe  Rivers  is  called 
James  River,  and  the  next  York  River,  the  Land 
in  the  Latitude  between  thefe  Rivers  feeming  moil: 
nicely  adapted  for  jweetfcentecl,  or  the  fineft  to 
bacco  ;  for  'tis  obferved  that  the  goodnefs  de- 
creafeth  the  farther  you  go  to  the  Northward  of 
the  one,  and  the  Southward  of  the  other;  but 
this  rimy  be  (I  believe)  attributed  in  iome  Meafure 
to  the  Seed  and  Management,  as  well  as  to  the 
Land  and  Latitude :  For  on  York  River  in  a  fmall 
Trad  of  Land  called  Diggers  Neck,  which  is 
poorer  than  a  great  deal  of  other  Land  in  the  fame 
Latitude,  by  a  particular  Seed  and  Management, 
is  made  the  famous  Crop  known  by  the  Name  of 
the  E  Dees,  remarkable  for  its  mild  tafte  and  fine 
Smell 

The  next  great  River  is  Rappabannock,  and  the 
fourth  is  Potowmack,  which  divides  Virginia  from 
the  Province  of  Maryland. 

Thefe  are  fupplied  by  feveral  letter  Rivers,  fuch 
as  Cbickahommony  and  others,  navigable  for  Veffels 
of  great  Burthen. 

Into  thefe  Rivers  run  abundance  of  great 
Creeks  or  fliort  Rivers,  navigable  for  Sloops,  Shal 
lops,  Long-Boats,  Flats,  Canoes  and  Pcriaguas. 

Thefe  Creeks  are  fupplied  with  the  Tide,  (which 
indeed  does  not  rife  fo  high  as  in  Europe,  fo  pre 
vents  their  making  good  Docks)  and  alfo  with  frefh- 
Water-runs,  replenifhed  with  Branches  iffuing 
from  the  Springs,  and  foaking  through  the  Swajnps ; 
io  that  no  Country  is  better  watered,  for  the  Con- 
veniency  of  which  molt  Houfes  are  built  near  fome 
Landing-Phice ;  fo  that  any  Thing  may  be  deli 
vered  to  a  Gentleman  there  from  London,  Brijlol, 
&c.  with  lefs  Trouble  and  Coft,  than  to  one  li 
ving  five  Miles  in  the  Countrv  in  Fjigland:  for 


VIRGINIA.  35 

av  no  Freight  tor  Goods  trom  London*  and 


you  pay 

hut  little  from  tirijivl:  only  the  Party  to  whom 
the  Goods  belong,  is  in  Gratitude  engaged  to 
freight  tobacco  upon  the  Shin  configned  to  her 
Owners  in  England. 

Becauie  of  this  Convenience,  and  for  the  Good- 
nefs  of  the  Land,  and  for  the  fake  of  Fiih,  Fowl, 
6°r.  Gentlemen  and  Planters  love  to  build  near  the 
Water ;  though  it  be  not  altogether  lo  healthy  as 
the  Uplands  and  barrens,  which  ierve  for  Ranges 
for  Stock. 

In  the  Uplands  near  the  Ridge  generally  run 
the  main  Roads,  in  a  plealant,  dry,  fandy  Soil, 
free  from  Stones  and  Dirt,  and  ihaded  and  flicker 
ed  chiefly  by  Trees  ;  in  iome  Places  being  not  un 
like  the  Walks  in  Greenwich  Park. 

Thus  neither  the  Intereit  nor  Inclinations  of 
the  /  'irginians  induce  them  to  cohabit  in  Towns  ; 
io  that  they  are  not  forward  in  contributing  their 
Affiftance  towards  the  making  of  particular  Places, 
every  Plantation  affording  the  Owner  the  Provi- 
iion  of  a  little  Market ;  wherefore  they  moft 
commonly  build  upon  iome  convenient  Spot  or 
Neck  of  Land  in  their  own  Plantation,  though 
Towns  are  laid  out  and  eltabliilrd  in  each  Coun 
ty  :  the  beft  of  which  (next  H^illiamjhurgk)  are 
fork,  Glocc/ler,  Hampton,  Elizabeth  TV/;-//,  and 
Urbanna. 

The  Colony  now  is  encreafed  to  fcentv  nine 
Counties,  naturally  bounded  (near  as  much  as  may 
be)  one  with  another  about  as  big  as  Kent :  but 
the  frontier  Counties  are  of  vail  Extent,  though 
not  thick  feated  as  yet. 

The  whole  Country  is  a  perfect  Foreii:,  except 
where  the  Woods  are  cleared  for  Plantations,  and 
old  Fields,  and  where  have  been  formerly  Indian 
'Toii'ns,  and  poifoned  Fields  and  Meadows,  where 
the  Timber  has  been  burnt  down  in  Fire-Hunting 
F  2  or 


36  The    S  T  ATE    of 

or  otherwise ;  and  about  the  Creeks  and  Rivers 
are  large  rank  Moraffes  or  MarJIm,  and  up  the 
Country  are  poor  Savannahs. 

The  Gentlemen's  Seats  are  of  late  built  for  the 
moft  Part  of  good  Brick,  and  many  of  Timber 
very  handfom,  commodious,  and  capacious ;  and 
likewife  the  common  Planters  live  in  pretty  Tim 
ber  Houfes,  neater  than  the  Farm  Houfes  are  gene 
rally  in  England :  With  Timber  alfo  are  built 
Houfes  for  the  Overfeers  and  Out-Houfes ;  among 
which  is  the  Kitchen  apart  from  the  Dwelling 
Houfe,  becaufe  of  the  Smell  of  hot  Viduals,  of- 
fennve  in  hot  Weather. 


CHAP.      IV. 

Of  the  Negroes,  with  the  Planting  and 
Management  of  Indian  Corn,  Tobac 
co,  &c.  and  of  their  Timber ,  Stock, 
Fruits,  Provifion,  and  habitations, 
&c. 

H  E  Negroes  live  in  fmall  Cottages  called 
Quarters^  in  about  fix  in  a  Gang,  under 
the  Direction  of  an  Overfeer  or  Bailiff-, 
who  takes  Care  that  they  tend  fuch  Land 
as  the  Owner  allots  and  orders,  upon  which  they 
raife  Hogs  and  Cattle,  and  plant  Indian  Corn  (or 
Maize]  and  tobacco  for  the  Ufe  of  their  Mafter ; 
out  of  which  the  Overfeer  has  a  Dividend  (or  Share) 
in  Proportion  to  the  Number  of  Hands  including 
himfelf ;  this  with  feveral  Privileges  is  his  Salary, 
and  is  an  ample  Recompence  for  his  Pains,  and 

Encou- 


VIRGINIA.  37 

Encouragement  of  his  induitrious  Care,  as  to  the 
Labour,  Health,  and  Provifion  of  the  Negroes. 

The  Negroes  are  very  numerous,  fome  Gentle 
men  having  Hundreds  of  them  of  all  Sorts,  to 
whom  they  bring  great  Profit ;  for  the  Sake  of 
which  they  are  obliged  to 'keep  them  well,  and 
not  over-work,  ftarve,  or  famiili  them,  befides 
other  Inducements  to  favour  them  ;  which  is 
done  in  a  great  ~Dcgn\\  to  fuch  efpecially  that  are 
laborious,  careful,  and  honeit ;  tho'  indeed  fome 
Mailers,  carelefs  of  their  own  Interett  or  Reputa 
tion,  are  too  cruel  and  negligent. 

The  Negroes  are  not  only  encreafed  by  frefh 
Supplies  from  Africa  and  the  //>//  India.  Iflands, 
but  alfo  are  very  prolinck  among  themfelves ;  and 
they  that  are  born  there  talk  good  EngUJb,  and  af 
fect  our  Language,  Habits,  and  Cuitoms ;  and 
tho'  they  be  naturally  of  a  barbarous  and  cruel 
Temper,  yet  are  they  kept  under  by  fevere  Dif- 
cipline  upon  Occafion,  and  by  good  Laws  are  pre 
vented  from  running  away,  injuring  the  Englifh, 
or  neglecting  their  Bulinefs. 

Their  Work  (or  Chimerical  hard  Slavery)  is 
not  very  laborious;  their  greateft  Hardlhip  con- 
fiiting  in  that  they  and  their  Pofterity  are  not  at 
their  own  Liberty  or  Difpoial,  but  are  the  Pro 
perty  of  their  Owners ;  and  when  they  are  free, 
they  know  not  how  to  provide  fo  well  for  them 
felves  generally;  neither  did  they  live  fo  plenti 
fully  nor  (many  of  them)  fo  eafily  in  their  own 
Country,  where  they  are  made  Slaves  to  one  ano 
ther,  or  taken  Captive  by  their  Enemies. 

The  Children  belong  to  the  Matter  of  the  Wo 
man  that  bears  them  ;  and  fuch  as  are  born  of  a 
Negroe  and  an  European  are  called  Molattoes ;  but 
fuch  as  are  born  of  an  Indian  and  Negroe  are  called 
Mi/flees. 

1  Their 


38  The    S  T  A  T  K    of 

Their  Work  is  to  take  Care  of  the  Stock,  and 
plant  Corn,  Tobacco,  Fruits,  &c.  which  is  not 
harder  than  Thrajbing,  Hedging,  or  Ditching',  be 
tides,  tho'  they  are  out  in  the  violent  Heat,  where 
in  they  delight,  yet  in  wet  or  cold  Weather  there 
is  little  Occafion  for  their  working  in  the  Fields, 
in  which  few  will  let  them  be  abroad,  left  by  this 
means  they  might  get  lick  or  die,  which  would 
prove  a  great  Lofs  to  their  Owners,  a  good  Ne- 
groe  being  fometimes  worth  three  (nay  four)  Score 
Pounds  Sterling,  if  he  be  a  Tradefman ;  fo  that 
upon  this  (if  upon  no  other  Account)  they  are 
obliged  not  to  overwork  them,  but  to  cloath  and 
feed  them  fufficiently,  and  take  Care  of  their 
Health. 

Several  of  them  are  taught  to  be  Sawyers,  Car 
penters,  Smiths,  Coopers,  &c.  and  though  for  the 
moft  Part  they  be  none  of  the  apteft  or  niceft  ; 
yet  they  are  by  Nature  cut  out  for  hard  Labour 
and  Fatigue,  and  will  perform  tolerably  well ; 
though  they  fall  much  fhort  of  an  Indian,  that 
has  learn'd  and  feen  the  fame  Things;  and  thofe 
Negroes  make  the  beft  Servants,  that  have  been 
Slaves  in  their  own  Country,  for  they  that  have 
been  Kings  and  great  Men  there  are  generally  lazy, 
haughty,  and  obftinate ;  whereas  the  others  are 
(harper,  better  humoured,  and  more  laborious. 

The  Languages  of  the  new  Negroes  are  various 
harih  Jargons,  and  their  Religions  and  Cnjloms  fuch 
as  are  beft  defcribed  by  Mr.  Bofman  in  his  Book 
intitled  (I  think)  A  Defcription  of  the  Coajls  of 
Africa. 

The  Virginia  Planters  readily  learn  to  become 
good  Mecbcmicks  in  Building,  wherein  moft  are 
capable  of  directing  their  Servants  and  Slaves. 

As  for  Timber  they  abound  with  excellent  good; 
having  about  eight  Sorts'  of  Oak,  feveral  Kinds  of 
Walnut-tfree,   and    Hickory    and    Pignut,   Pine,   Ce 
dar \ 


VIRGINIA.  39 

dar,  and  Cyfrefs  for  Shingles  ;  which  Covering  is 
lighter  than  Tiles,  and  being  nailed  down,  are  not 
eafily  blown  off  in  any  Tempeit  or  Gi/fl. 

The  Oak,  &c.  is  of  quick  Growth,  conle- 
quently  will  not  laft  fo  long  as  ours ;  though  it  has 
a  good  Grain,  and  is  freer  from  Knots,  and  will 
lait  long  enough  for  Shipping,  and  ordinary  Ufes. 

When  a  Tract  of  Land  is  feated,  they  clear  it 
by  felling  the  Trees  about  a  Yard  from  the  Ground, 
left  they  fhould  (hoot  again.  What  Wood  they 
have  Occanon  for  they  carry  off,  and  burn  the 
reft,  or  let  it  lie  and  rot  upon  the  Ground, 

The  Land  between  the  Logs  and  Stumps  they 
bow  up,  planting  'Tobacco  there  in  the  Spring,  in- 
cloring  it  with  a  flight  Fence  of  cleft  Rails.  This 
will  lait  for  Tubucco  fome  Years,  if  the  Land  be 
good ;  as  it  is  where  fine  Timber,  or  Grape  fines 
grow. 

Land  when  hired  is  forced  to  bear  Tobacco  by 
penning  their  Cattle  upon  it ;  but  Cow  pen  Tobac 
co  taites  itrong,  and  that  planted  in  wet  marfhy 
Land  is  called  Nonburning  Tobacco,  which  imoaks 
in  the  Pipe  like  Leather,  unlefs  it  be  of  a  good 
Age. 

When  Land  is  tired  of  Tobacco,  it  will  bear  In 
dian  Corn  or  Knglijb  II' beat,  or  any  other  Europe 
an  Grain  or  Seed,  with  wonderful  Increafe. 

Tobacco  and  Indian  Corn  are  planted  in  Hills  as 
Hops,  and  fecured  by  H'ormfences,  which  are  made 
of  Rails  fupporting  one  another  very  firmly  in  a 
particular  Manner.^ 

Tobacco  requires  a  great  deal  of  Skill  and  Trou 
ble  in  the  right  Management  of  it. 

They  raife  the  Plants  in  Beds,  as  we  do  Cabbage 
Plants;  which  they  tranf plant  and  replant  upon 
Occafion  after  a  Shower  of  Rain,  which  they  call 
a  Sc<ifon. 

When 


4-0  The    STATE    of 

When  it  is  grown  up  they  top  it,  or  nip  off  the 
Head,  fuccom  it,  or  cut  off  the  Ground  Leaves, 
weed  it,  bill  it ;  and  when  ripe,  they  cut  it  down 
about  fix  or  eight  Leaves  on  a  Stalk,  which  they 
carry  into  airy  tobacco  Houfes ;  after  it  is  withered 
a  little  in  the  Sun,  there  it  is  hung  to  dry  on  Sticks, 
as  Paper  at  the  Paper-Mills;  when  it  is  in  proper 
Cafe,  (as  they  call  it)  and  the  Air  neither  too  moift, 
nor  too  dry,  they  firike  it,  or  take  it  down,  then 
cover  it  up  in  Bulk,  or  a  great  Heap,  where  it 
lies  till  they  have  Leifure  or  Occafion  to  fiem  it 
(that  is  pull  the  Leaves  from  the  Stalk)  orjlrtf  it 
(that  is  take  out  the  great  Fibres)  and  tie  it  up  in 
Rands,  or  fir  eight  lay  it ;  and  fo  by  Degrees  prize 
or  prefs  it  with  proper  Engines  into  great  Hog- 
fheads,  containing  from  about  fix  to  eleven  hun 
dred  Pounds;  four  of  which  Hogfheads  make  a 
Tun,  by  Dimenfion,  not  by  Weight;  then  it  is 
ready  for  Sale  or  Shipping. 

There  are  two  Sorts  of  tobacco,  viz.  Oroonoko 
the  ftronger,  and  Sweetfcented  the  milder;  the  firft 
with  a  (harper  Leaf  like  a  Fox's  Ear,  and  the  o- 
ther  rounder  and  with  finer  Fibres :  But  each  of 
thefe  are  varied  into  feveral  Sorts,  much  as  Apples 
and  Pears  are ;  and  I  have  been  informed  by  the 
Indian  Traders,  that  the  inland  Indians  have  Sorts 
of  Tobacco  much  differing  from  any  planted  or 
ufed  by  the  Europeans. 

//    The  Indian  Corn  is  planted  in  Hills,  and  weed 
ed  much  as  Tobacco. 

This  Grain  is  of  great  Increafe  and  mott  gene 
ral  Ufe ;  for  with  this  is  made  good  Bread,  Cakes, 
Mnjh,  and  Hommony  for  the  Negroes,  which  with 
good  Pork  and  Potatoes  (red  and  white,  very  nice 
and  different  from  ours)  with  other  Roots  and 
Pulfe,  are  their  general  Food. 

Indian  Corn  is  the  beft  Food  for  Cattle,  Hogs, 
Sheep  and  Horfes ;  and  the  Blades  and  Tops  are  ex 
cellent 


VIRGINIA.  4.1 

cellent  Fodder,  when  well  cured,  which  is  com 
monly  ufed,  though  many  raife  good  Clover  and 
Oats ;  and  fome  have  planted  Sanfoin,  &r.  I 

In  the  Marjbes,  and  Woods,  and  old  Fields  is 
good  Range  for  £/0r£  in  the  Spring,  Summer,  and 
Fall ;  and  the  Hogs  will  run  fat  with  certain  Roots 
of  Flags  and  Reeds,  which  abounding  in  the 
Marjkcs  they  root  up  and  eat. 

Be  fides,  at  the  ¥  I  ant  a  thus  are  itandard  Peach- 
Trees,  and  nipple-Trees,  planted  out  in  Orchards, 
on  Purpoie  almoit  for  the  Hogs. 

The  Peaches  abound,  and  are  of  a  delicious 
Taite,  and  Jp pie-Trees  are  railed  from  the  Seals 
very  foon,  which  kind  of  Kernel  Fruit  needs  no 
grafting,  and  is  diveriify'd  into  numberlefs  Sorts, 
and  makes,  with  good  Management,  an  excellent 
Cyder,  not  much  inferior  to  that  of  Hereford/hire, 
when  kept  to  a  good  Age ;  which  is  rarely  done, 
the  Planters  being  good  Companions  and  Gucfts 
whilft  the  C\der  laits.  Here  Cherries  thrive  much 
better  (I  think)  than  in  England',  tho'  the  ¥r nit- 
Trees  ioon  decay,  yet  they  are  foon  railed  to  great 
Perfection. 

As  for  //  'ool,  I  have  had  near  as  good  as  any 
near  Leominjier ;  and  it  might  be  much  improved 
if  the  Sbccp  were  houfed  every  Night,  and  fod 
dered  and  littered  as  in  Urchinfield,  where  they 
have  by  fuch  Means  the  fineft  //  'ool ;  but  to  do 
this,  would  be  of  little  Ufe,  fince  it  is  contrary 
to  the  Intereit  of  Great  Britain  to  allow  them 
Exportation  of  their  Woollen  Manufactures  ;  and 
what  little  Woollen  is  there  made  might  be  near 
ly  had  as  cheap,  and  better  from  England. 

As  for  Provijion,  there  is  Variety  of  excellent 
Fifb  in  great  Plenty  eafily  taken ;  efpecially  Outers, 
Skeepjbeads,  Rocks,  large  Trouts,  Crabs,  Drums, 
Sturgeons,  &c. 

G  They 


42  The    S  T  A  T  E    of 

They  have  the  fame  tame  Fowl  as  in  England, 
only  they  propagate  better;  but  thefe  exceed  in 
wild  Geefe  and  Ducks,  Cokoncks,  Blew-lVings,  'Teal, 
Swans,  and  Mallard. 

Their  Beef  and  Veal  is  fmall,  fweet,  and  fat 
enough ;  their  Pork  is  famous,  whole  Virginia 
Shoots  being  frequently  barbacued  in  England;  their 
Bacon  is  excellent,  the  Hams  being  fcarce  to  be 
diftinguifhed  from  thofe  of  Weftphalia ;  but  their 
Mutton  and  Lamb  fome  Folks  don't  like,  though 
others  extol  it.  Their  Butter  is  good  and  plenti 
ful  enough.  Their  Venifon  in  the  lower  Parts  of 
the  Country  is  not  fo  plentiful  as  it  has  been,  tho' 
there  be  enough  and  tolerably  good ;  but  in  the 
Frontier  Counties  they  abound  with  Venifon,  wild 
^urkies,  &c.  where  the  common  People  fometimes 
drefs  Bears,  whofe  Flefh,  they  fay,  is  not  to  be 
well  diftinguilhed  from  good  Pork  or  Bacon. 

They  pull  the  Down  of  their  living  Geefe  and 
wild  and  tame  Ducks,  wherewith  they  make  the 
fofteft  and  fweeteft  Beds. 

The  Houfes  ftand  fometimes  two  or  three  toge 
ther  ;  and  in  other  Places  a  Quarter,  half  a  Mile, 
or  a  Mile,  or  two,  afunder,  much  as  in  the  Coun 
try  in  England. 


C  H  A  p 


VIRGINIA.  43 


CHAP.      V. 

Of  the  Habits,  Cuftoms,  Parts,  Im- 
ployments,  Trade,  ($c.  of  the  Vir 
ginians  ;  and  of  the  Weather,  Coin, 
Sicknefs,  Liquors,  Servants,  Poor, 
Pitch,  Tar,  Oar,  &c. 

':->.?i-:9|?^5''A  H  E  Habits,  Life,  Ci/jioms,  Compittii- 
tlf  refill  tions,  &c.  of  the  /'irginitins  are  much 
:,(\'jjg  the  lame  as  about  London,  which  they 
^  eiteem  their  Home ;  and  for  the  molt 
Part  have  contemptible  Notions  of  England,  and 
wrong  Sentiments  of  Erijlol,  and  the  other  Out- 
Ports,  which  they  entertain  from  feeing  and  hear 
ing  the  common  Dealers,  Sailors,  and  Servants 
that  come  from  thofe  Towns,  and  the  Country 
Places  in  England  and  Scotland,  whofe  Language 
and  Manners  are  ftrange  to  them ;  for  the  Planters, 
and  even  the  Native  Negroes  generally  talk  good 
Englijk  without  Idiom  or  Tone,  and  can  difcourfe 
handfomly  upon  wojl  common  Subjects ;  and  con 
verting  with  Perfons  belonging  to  Trade  and  Na 
vigation  from  London,  for  the  molt  Part  they  are 
much  civilized,  and  wear  the  belt  of  Cloaths  ac 
cording  to  their  Station ;  nay,  ibmetimes  too  good 
for  their  Circumitances,  being  for  the  Generality 
comely  handfom  Perfons,  of  good  Features  and 
fine  Complexions  (if  they  take  Care)  of  good 
Manners  and  Addrefs.  The  Climate  makes  them 
bright,  and  of  excellent  Senfe,  and  fharp  in  Trade, 
an  Ideot,  or  deformed  Native  being  almoft  a  Mi 
racle. 

G  2  Thus 


44  The    S  T  A  T  R    of 

Thus  they  have  good  natural  Notions,  and  will 
foon  learn  Arts  and  Sciences ;  but  are  generally  di 
verted  by  Bufmefs  or  Inclination  from  profound 
Study,  and  prying  into  the  Depth  of  Things ; 
being  ripe  for  Management  of  their  Affairs,  be 
fore  they  have  laid  fo  good  a  Foundation  of  Learn 
ing,  and  had  fuch  Initrudions,  and  acquired  fuch 
Accomplifhments,  as  might  be  inftilled  into  fuch 
good  natural  Capacities.  Neverthelefs  thro'  their 
quick  Apprehenfion,  they  have  a  Sufficiency  of 
Knowledge,  and  Fluency  of  Tongue,  tho'  their 
Learning  for  the  moft  Part  be  but  iuperficial. 

They  are  more  inclinable  to  read  Men  by  Bu- 
finefs  and  Converfation,  than  to  dive  into  Books, 
and  are  for  the  moft  Part  only  defirous  of  learning 
what  is  abfolutely  neceflary,  in  the  ftiorteft  and 
beft  Method. 

Having  this  Knowledge  of  their  Capacities  and 
Inclination  from  fufficient  Experience,  I  have 
compofed  on  Purpofe  fome  Ihort  Treatifes  adapted 
with  my  beft  Judgment  to  a  Courfe  of  Education 
for  the  Gentlemen  of  the  Plantations ;  confifting 
in  a  fhort  Englifb  Grammar  \  an  Accidence  to  CM- 
Jlianity ;  an  Accidence  to  the  Mathematicks,  efpecially 
to  Arithmetick  in  all  its  Parts  and  Applications, 
Algebra,  Geometry,  Surveying  of  Land,  and  Navi 
gation. 

Thefe  are  the  moft  ufeful  Branches  of  Learn 
ing  for  them,  and  fuch  as  they  willingly  and  rea 
dily  mafter,  if  taught  in  a  plain  and  Ihort  Me 
thod,  truly  applicable  to  their  Genius ;  which  I 
have  endeavoured  to  do,  for  the  Ufe  of  them, 
and  all  others  of  their  Temper  and  Parts. 

They  are  not  very  eafily  perfuaded  to  the  Im 
provement  of  ufeful  Inventions  (except  a  few, 
fuch  as  Sawing  Mills)  neither  are  they  great  En- 
couragers  of  Manufactures,  becaufe  of  the  Trou 
ble  and  certain  Expence  in  Attempts  of  this  kind, 

with 


VIRGINIA.  45 

with  uncertain  Proipect  of  Gain;  whereas  by 
their  itaple  Commodity,  Tobacco,  they  are  certain 
to  get  a  plentiful  Provifion;  nay,  often  very  great 
Eftates. 

Upon  this  Account  they  think  it  Folly  to  take 
off  their  Htinds  (or  Negroes)  and  employ  their 
Care  and  Time  about  any  thing,  that  may  make 
them  leffen  their  Crop  of  Tobacco. 

So  that  though  they  are  apt  to  learn,  yet  they 
are  fond  of,  and  will  follow  their  own  Ways, 
Humours,  and  Notions,  being  not  eafily  brought 
to  new  Projects  and  Schemes ;  lo  that  I  queftion, 
if  they  would  have  been  impoied  upon  by  the 
M/jjiJippi  or  South-Sea,  or  any  other  fuch  mon- 
hrous  Bubbles. 

In  their  Computations  of  Time,  Weights  and 
Meafures  both  of  Length,  Superficies,  and  Solidi 
ty,  they  itrictly  adhere  to  what  is  legal;  not  run 
ning  into  precarious  Cuftoms,  as  they  do  in  Eng 
land.  Thus  their  Quart  is  the  true  ll'inckclier, 

f^s 

their  Hundred  is  100,  not  1 12,  and  they  furvey 
Land  by  Statute  Meafure. 

Indeed,  what  EngUjb  Coin  is  there,  is  advanced 
in  Value;  io  that  a  Shilling  paries  for  14^.  and  a 
Guinea  goes  by  Tale  for  26  x  but  the  Current 
Money  is  the  Spiinrjb;  which  in  Reality  is  about 
15 /.  per  Ccnf.  inferior  to  our  Engltjb  Coin,  as  fet 
tled  by  Law;  but  frequently  the  Value  of  this 
varies  in  Refpect  of  Sterling  Bills  according  to 
the  Circumftances  of  Trade ;  Currency  and  Ster 
ling  being  fometimes  at  a  Pur ;  but  for  the  Gene 
rality  10  -per  Cent.  Dif count  is  allowed  for  Ster 
ling  Bills. 

As  for  Education  feveral  are  fent  to  England  for 
it;  though  the  Virginians  being  naturally  of  good 
Parts,  (as  I  have  already  hinted)  neither  require 
nor  admire  as  much  Learning,  as  we  do  in  Bn- 
tirin\  yet  more  would  be  lent  over,  were  they 
s  not 


46  The    STATE    of 

not  afraid  of  the  Small-Pox,  which  molt  com 
monly  proves  fatal  to  them. 

But  indeed  when  they  come  to  England  they 
are  generally  put  to  learn  to  Perfons  that  know 
little  of  their  Temper,  who  keep  them  drudging 
on  in  what  is  of  leaft  Ufe  to  them,  in  pedantick 
Methods,  too  tedious  for  their  volatile  Genius. 

For  Grammar  Learning  taught  after  the  common 
round-about  Way  is  not  much  beneficial  nor  de 
lightful  to  them;  fo  that  they  are  noted  to  be 
more  apt  to  fpoil  their  School-Fellows  than  im 
prove  themfelves ;  becaufe  they  are  imprifoned 
and  enflaved  to  what  they  hate,  and  think  ufelefs, 
and  have  not  peculiar  Management  proper  for  their 
Humour  and  Occafion. 

A  civil  Treatment  with  fome  Liberty,  if  per 
mitted  with  Difcretion  is  moft  proper  for  them, 
and  they  have  moft  Need  of,  and  readily  take  po 
lite  and  mathematical  Learning;  and  in  Englijh 
may  be  conveyed  to  them  (without  going  diredly 
to  Rome  and  Athens]  all  the  Arts,  Sciences,  and 
learned  Accomplifhments  of  the  Antients  and 
Moderns,  without  the  Fatigue  and  Expence  of 
another  Language,  for  which  few  of  them  have 
little  Ufe  or  Neceffity,  fince  (without  another) 
they  may  underftand  their  own  Speech ;  and  all 
other  Things  requifite  to  be  learn'd  by  them  fooner 
and  better. 

Thus  the  Youth  might  as  well  be  inftrufted 
there  as  here  by  proper  Methods,  without  the  Ex- 
pence  and  Danger  of  coming  hither;  efpecially 
if  they  make  Ufe  of  the  great  Advantage  of  the 
College  at  Wttliamf burgh,  where  they  may  (and 
many  do)  imbibe  the  Principles  of  all  human  and 
divine  Literature,  both  in  Englijb  and  in  the 
learned  Languages. 

By  the  happy  Opportunity  of  this  College  may 
they  be  advanced  to  religious  and  learned  Educa 
tion, 


VIRGINIA.  47 

tion,  according  to  the  Diicipline  and  Doctrine 
of  the  eftablilhed  Church  of  England',  in  which 
Refpect  this  College  may  prove  of  fingular 
Service,  and  be  an  advantageous  and  laudable 
Nuriery  and  itrong  Bulwark  againit  the  con 
tagious  diffentions  in  Virginia;  which  is  the 
moil  antient  and  loyal,  the  molt  plentiful  and 
fiouriiliing,  the  moil  extenfive  and  beneficial 
Colony  belonging  to  the  Crown  of  Great 
Britain,  upon  which  it  is  moil  directly  de 
pendant  ;  wherein  is  eftablifh'd  the  Church  of 
England  free  from  Faction  and  Sects,  being  ruled 
by  the  Laws,  Cuftoms,  and  Conititutions  of  Gn\it 
Britain,  which  it  itrictly  obferves,  only  where 
the  Circumitances  and  Occafion  of  the  Country 
by  an  abiolute  Neceffity  require  iome  final  1  Alte 
rations  ;  which  neverthelefs  mult  not  be  contrary 
(though  different  from  and  fubiervient)  to  the  Laws 
of  England. 

Though  the  Violence  of  neither  /I'hig  nor  To- 
rv  reigns  there,  yet  have  they  Parties;  for  the  ve 
ry  belt  Adminiitration  mult  expect  to  meet  with 
iome  Oppofition  in  all  Places ;  eipecially  where 
there  is  a  Mixture  of  People  of  different  Coun 
tries  concerned,  whole  Education  and  Intereit 
may  propoie  to  them  Notions  and  Views  different 
from  each  other. 

Molt  other  Plantations,  eipecially  they  that  are 
granted  away  to  Proprietors,  are  inferior  to  f'ir- 
ginia :  where  the  ieeming  Intereit  and  Humour  of 
the  Owners  often  divert  them  from  Purfuit  of 
the  molt  proper  Methods ;  befides,  they  cannot 
have  iuch  a  right  Claim  to  the  Favour  of  the 
Crown,  nor  demand  its  belt  Protection,  fmce 
they  may  often  interfere  with  its  Intereit :  where 
as  Virginia  is  eiteemed  one  of  the  molt  valuable 
Gems  in  the  Crown  of  Great  Britain. 

Thus 


48  The    S  T  A  T  E    of 

Thus  I7 iighiia  having  to  itfelf  (with  Mary 
land')  the  ftaple  Commodity  of  Tobacco,  has  a 
great  Advantage  of  all  other  Plantations  on  the 
Continent  for  the  Encouragement  of  the  Crown ; 
whereas  others  belonging  to  Gentlemen,  or  having 
no  peculiar  Trade,  cannot  expect  fuch  Power  to 
advance  and  promote  their  Intereft. 

To  this  add,  that  Virginia  equals,  if  not  ex 
ceeds,  all  others  in  Goodnefs  of  Climate,  Soil, 
Health,  Rivers,  Plenty,  and  all  Neceffaries,  and 
Conveniencies  of  Life :  Bendes  (lie  has,  a- 
mong  others,  thefe  particular  Advantages  of  her 
younger  Sifter  Maryland,  viz.  Freedom  from  Po 
pery,  and  the  Direction  of  Proprietors;  not  but 
that  Part  of  Virginia,  which  is  between  the  Ri 
vers  Potffwmack  and  Rappabannock  belongs  to  Pro 
prietors,  as  to  the  Quit-Rent;  yet  the  Govern 
ment  of  thefe  Counties  (called  the  Northern  Neck) 
is  under  the  fame  Regulation  with  the  other 
Parts  of  the  Country. 

If  New  England  be  called  a  Receptacle  of  Dii- 
fenters,  and  an  Atnfterdam  of  Religion,  Penjyl- 
vania  the  Nurfery  of  Quakers,  Maryland  the  Re 
tirement  of  Roman  Catholicks,  North  Carolina  the 
Refuge  of  Run-aways,  and  South  Carolina  the 
Delight  of  Buccaneers  and  Pyrates,  Virginia  may 
be  juftly  efteemed  the  happy  Retreat  of  true  Bri 
tons  and  true  Churchmen  for  the  mod  Part;  nei 
ther  foaring  too  high  nor  drooping  too  low,  con- 
fequently  fhould  merit  the  greater  Efteem  and 
Encouragement. 

The  common  Planters  leading  eafy  Lives  don't 
much  admire  Labour,  or  any  manly  Exerciie,  ex 
cept  Horfe-Racing,  nor  Divernon,  except  Cock- 
Fighting,  in  which  fome  greatly  delight.  This 
eafy  Way  of  Living,  and  the  Heat  of  the  Summer 
makes  fome  very  lazy,  who  are  then  faid  to  be 
Climate-ftruck. 

1  The 


V  I  /e  C,  I  N  I  A.  49 

The  Saddle-Horfes,  though  not  very  large,  are 
hardy,  ftrong,  and  fleet;  and  will  pace  naturally 
and  pleafantly  at  a  prodigious  Rate. 

They  are  iuch  Lovers  of  Riding,  that  almott 
every  ordinary  Perfon  keeps  a  Horie  ;  and  I  have 
known  fome  fpend  the  Morning  in  ranging  leveral 
Miles  in  the  Woods  to  find  and  catch  their  Hories 
only  to  ride  two  or  three  Miles  to  Church,  to  the 
Court-Houie,  or  to  a  Horie-Race,  where  they 
generally  appoint  to  meet  upon  Bufmefs ;  and  are 
more  certain  of  finding  thole  that  they  want  to 
ipeak  or  deal  with,  than  at  their  Home. 

No  People  can  entertain  their  Friends  with 
better  Cheer  and  Welcome  ;  and  Strangers  and 
Travellers  are  here  treated  in  the  molt  free,  plen 
tiful,  and  hoipitable  Manner ;  fo  that  a  fe\v  Inns 
or  Ordinaries  on  the  Road  are  iufficient. 

As  to  the  Weather,  the  Spring  and  Fall  are  not 
unlike  thole  Seafons  in  Yjigland,  only  the  Air  is 
never  long  foggy,  nor  very  cloudy ;  but  clear, 
fometimes  of  a  bluiih  Colour,  occafioned  by  the 
thin  Smoak,  dilperied  in  the  Air,  from  the  Flames 
of  the  Woods  and  Leaves,  which  are  fired  in 
Hunting,  to  drive  the  Beaits  from  their  lurking 
Places  ;  or  in  the  Spring  to  burn  the  old  Leaves 
and  Grals,  that  there  may  be  the  better  Failure 
the  next  Summer. 

The  Months  of  Dccc/nhci\  jfiinuiin'  and  /v/V//- 
iiry  are  generally  much  colder,  and  June,  Jul}' 
and  Aiigujl  are  much  hotter  than  in  England  ^  tho' 
iometimes  'tis  on  a  fudden  very  cool  in  Summer, 
and  pretty  warm  in  Winter,  the  Weather  being 
govern'd  by  the  Wind;  which  with  fudden  Storms 
from  the  North-H'cli*  and  iometimes  from  the 
H'eft  and  South  ll'cfl  bring  violent  Gulls  or  Tern- 
pelts,  with  Thunder,  Lightning,  and  Rain  very 
terrible,  but  foon  over. 

II  The 


50  The    STATE    of 

The  North  tt'ejl  Winds  are  exquifitely  iliarp 
and  cold,  proceeding  from  Clouds  arifing  from  the 
vail  Lakes  and  prodigious  fnowy  Mountains  that 
lie  to  that  Quarter ;  but  the  Southerly  Winds  and 
others  are  very  warm. 

The  Days  and  Nights  are  there  always  much 
nearer  the  Equality  of  twelve  Hours,  than  in  the 
Latitude  of 'England. 

At  the  fudden  Changes  of  the  Weather,  from 
Heat  to  Cold,  People  are  apt  to  take  Cold,  of 
ten  neglecting  to  Ihift  their  Cloaths  with  the 
Weather ;  which  with  Abundance  of  Damps  and 
Mifts  from  the  Water,  and  by  eating  too  plenti 
fully  of  fome  delicious  Fruits,  makes  the  People 
fubjeft  to  Feavers  and  Agues,  which  is  the  Coun 
try  Diftemper,  a  fevere  Fit  of  which  (called  a 
Seafonmg)  mod  expeft,  fome  time  after  their  Ar 
rival  in  that  Climate ;  but  the  Goodnefs  of  God 
has  furniihed  us  with  a  perfed  Catholicon  for  that 
Sicknefs,  viz.  the  Bark;  which  being  taken  and 
repeated  in  a  right  Manner,  feldom  fails  of  a  Cure, 
unlefs  the  morbifick  Matter  comes  to  a  Head  again 
from  freili  Caufes,  and  fo  returns  with  Mailery ; 
upon  which  Recourfe  muft  be  had  to  the  fame 
fpecifick  Remedy;  befides  which  there  are  feve- 
ral  Ways  of  Cure,  but  none  fo  univerfal  and  fure 
as  that. 

Some  for  Want  of  timely  Care,  through  Igno 
rance  or  Obftinacy,  will  permit  the  Diitemper  to 
lurk  about  them  fo  long,  till  at  laft  it  has  reduced 
them  to  an  irrecoverable,  lingering,  ill  Habit  of 
Body ;  efpecially  if  they  live  meanly,  drinking  too 
much  Water,  and  eating  too  much  fait  Meat ;  and 
this  Cachexy  generally  ends  their  Lives  with  a  Drop- 
fy,  Confumption,  the  Jaundice,  or  fome  fuch 
Illnefs. 

Befides  this,  fome  are  troubled  with  the  dry 
Gripes,  proceeding  from  Colds  ( I  fuppofe)  which 

take 


VIRGINIA.  51 

take  away  tor  a  long  Time  the  UTe  of  the  Limbs 
of  fome,  efpecially  hard  Drinkers  of  Rum;  fome 
that  have  lain  out  in  mighty  cold  Weather  have 
been  Froft-bitten,  and  loll  their  Fingers  or  Toes. 

There  is  no  Danger  of  wild  Beaits  in  travel 
ing;  for  the  Wolves  and  Bears,  which  are  up  the 
Country,  never  attack  any,  unlefs  they  be  firft 
aflaulted  and  hurt;  and  the  Wolves  of  late  are 
much  deitroyed  by  Virtue  of  a  Law,  \vhich  al 
lows  good  Rewards  for  their  Heads  with  the 
Ears  on,  to  prevent  Imposition  and  cheating  the 
Publick  ;  for  the  Ears  are  crop'd  when  a  Head  is 
produced. 

The  Bears  are  alio  much  deitroyed  by  the  Out- 
Planters,  6;Y.  for  the  Sake  of  their  Fleth  and 
Skins. 

As  for  Rattle-Snakes,  c-'V.  they  make  off  from 
you,  unlefs  you  by  Careleineis  chance  to  tread  on 
them;  and  then  their  Bite  is  found  now  not  to 
be  mortal,  if  Remedies  can  be  applied  in  Time. 

The  worlt  Inconveniency  in  travelling  a-crofs 
the  Country,  is  the  Circuit  that  mult  be  taken  to 
head  Creeks,  6;V.  for  the  main  Roads  wind  along 
the  riling  Ground  between  the  Rivers,  tho'  now 
they  much  fliorten  their  Paflage  by  mending  the 
Swamps  and  building  of  Bridges  in  feveral  Places ; 
and  there  are  eltabliihed  Ferries  at  convenient 
Places,  over  the  great  Rivers;  but  in  them  is  of 
ten  much  Danger  from  Hidden  Storms,  bad  Boats, 
or  unikilful  or  wilful  Ferrymen;  efpecially  if  one 
paries  in  a  Boat  with  Horfes,  of  which  I  have 
great  Reafon  to  be  molt  fenfible  by  the  Lofs  of  a 
dear  Brother  at  Chickohomony  Ferrv,  in  Feb.  1724. 

As  for  their  Drink,  good  Springs  of  excellent 
Water  abound  every  where  almoit,  which  is  very 
cooling  and  pleafant  in  Summer,  and  the  general 
Drink  of  abundance ;  not  fo  much  out  of  Necei- 
iity,  as  Choice. 

H  2  Some 


52  The    STATE    of 

Some  Planters,  &c.  make  good  1'mall  Drink 
with  Cakes  of  Parfimmons  a  kind  of  Plumbs, 
which  grow  there  in  great  Plenty ;  but  the  com 
mon  fmall  Beer  is  made  of  Molofjus,  which  makes 
extraordinary  briik  good  tailed  Liquor  at  a  cheap 
Rate,  with  little  Trouble  in  brewing;  fo  that 
they  have  it  frelh  and  frefti,  as  they  want  it  in 
Winter  and  Summer. 

And  as  they  brew,  fo  do  they  bake  daily,  Bread 
or  Cakes,  eating  too  much  hot  and  new  Bread, 
which  cannot  be  wholfom,  tho'  it  be  pleafanter 
than  what  has  been  baked  a  Day  or  two. 

Some  raife  Barley  and  make  Malt  there,  and 
others  have  Malt  from  England,  with  which  thofe 
that  underftand  it,  brew  as  good  Beer  as  in  Eng 
land,  at  proper  Seafons  of  the  Year ;  but  the 
common  ftrong  Malt-Drink  moitty  ufed,  is  Bri- 
jiol  Beer ;  of  which  •  is  confumed  vaft  Quantities 
there  yearly ;  which  being  well  brew'd  and  im- 
prov'd  by  eroding  the  Sea,  drinks  exceedingly 
fine  and  fmooth ;  but  Malt  Liquor  is  not  fo  much 
regarded  as  Wine,  Rack,  Brandy,  and  Rum, 
Punch,  with  Drams  of  Rurn  or  Brandy  for  the 
common  Sort,  when  they  drink  in  a  Hurry. 

The  common  Wine  comes  from  Madera  or  Phi- 
al,  which  moderately  drank  is  fitted  to  cheer  the 
fainting  Spirits  in  the  Heat  of  Summer,  and  to 
warm  the  chilled  Blood  in  the  bitter  Colds  of 
Winter,  and  feems  molt  peculiarly  adapted  for  this 
Climate :  Befides  this,  are  plentifully  drank  with 
the  better  Sort,  of  late  Years,  all  Kinds  of  French, 
and  other  European  Wine,  efpecially  Claret  and 
Port. 

Here  is  like  wife  ufed  a  great  deal  of  Chocolate, 
Tea  and  Coffee,  which,  with  feveral  Sorts  of  Ap 
parel,  they  have  as  cheap,  or  cheaper  than  in  Eng 
land,  becaufe  of  the  Debenture  of  fuch  Goods 
upon  their  Exportation  thither :  Befides,  they 

are 


VIRGINIA.  53 

are  allowed  to  have  Wines  diredly  from  Madera^ 
and  other  Commodities  are  brought  from  the 
Weft-Indies^  and  the  Continent,  which  cannot  be 
brought  to  England  without  fpoiling. 

As  for  grinding  Corn,  eVr.  they  have  good 
Mills  upon  the  Runs  and  Creeks  ;  befides  Hand- 
Mills,  Wind-Mills,  and  the  ///<//•///  Invention  of 
pounding  Hommony  in  Mortars  burnt  in  the  Stump 
of  a  Tree,  with  a  Log  for  a  Fettle  hanging  at  the 
End  of  a  Pole,  fix'd  like  the  Pole  of  a  Lave. 

Though  they  are  permitted  to  trade  to  no  Parts 
but  Grctit  />V/A////,  except  thefe  Places;  yet  have 
they  in  many  Refpccts  better  and  cheaper  Com 
modities  than  \ve  in  Kr^Lind,  eipecially  of  late 
Years ;  for  the  Country  may  be  {aid  to  be  altered 
and  improved  in  Wealth  and  polite  Living  with 
in  thefe  few  Years,  iince  the  Beginning  of  Col. 
Sfotfuaood^  Government,  more  than  in  all  the 
Scores  of  Years  before  that,  from  its  firlt  Difco- 
very.  The  Country  is  yearly  fupplied  with  vait 
Quantities  of  Goods  from  G/v.//  /)V/A////,  chiefly 
from  \ji  ruling  LY///V,  Liverpool^  1 1  bitehaven,  and 
from  Srvf/t ///(•/. 

The  Ships  that  tranfport  thefe  Things  often  call 
at  Irdii/h!  to  victual,  and  bring  over  frequently 
white  Servants,  which  are  of  three  Kinds,  i.  Such 
as  come  upon  certain  Wages  by  Agreement  for  a 
certain  Time.  2.  Such  as  come  bound  by  Inden 
ture,  commonly  call'd  AV//J,  who  are  ufually  to 
ferve  four  or  five  Years ;  and  3.  thofe  Convicts  or 
Felons  that  are  tranfported,  whole  Room  they  had 
much  rather  have  than  their  Company ;  for  abun 
dance  of  them  do  great  Mifchiefs,  commit  Rob 
bery  and  Murder,  and  fpoil  Servants,  that  were 
before  very  good :  Rut  they  frequently  there  meet 
with  the  End  they  delerved  at  Home,  though  in 
deed  fome  of  them  prove  indifferent  good.  Their 
being  fent  thither  to  work  as  Slaves  for  Pnnifli- 
9  ment. 


54-  The    STATE    of 

ment,  is  but  a  mere  Notion,  for  few  of  them 
ever  lived  ib  well  and  fb  eafy  before,  efpecially  if 
they  are  good  for  any  thing.  Thefe  are  to  ferve 
feven,  and  fometimes  fourteen  Years,  and  they 
and  Servants  by  Indentures  have  an  Allowance  of 
Corn  and  Cloaths,  when  they  are  out  of  their 
Time,  that  they  may  be  therewith  fupported, 
till  they  can  be  provided  with  Services,  or  other- 
wife  fettled.  With  thefe  three  Sorts  of  Servants  are 
they  fupplied  from  England,  Wales,  Scotland,  and 
Ireland,  among  which  they  that  have  a  Mind  to 
it,  may  ferve  their  Time  with  Eafe  and  Satisfac 
tion  to  themfelves  and  their  Matters,  efpecially  if 
they  fall  into  good  Hands. 

Except  the  laft  Sort,  for  the  molt  Part  who 
are  loofe  Villains,  made  tame  by  //  'fid,  and  then 
enilaved  by  his  Forward  Namefake:  To  prevent 
too  great  a  Stock  of  which  Servants  and  Negroes 
many  Attempts  and  Laws  have  been  in  vain  made. 

Thefe  if  they  forfake  their  Roguery  together 
with  the  other  Kids  of  the  later  Jonathan,  when 
they  are  free,  may  work  Day-Labour,  or  elfe  rent 
a  fmall  Plantation  for  a  Trifle  almoft ;  or  elfe  turn 
Overfeers,  if  they  are  expert,  indultrious,  and 
careful,  or  follow  their  Trade,  if  they  have  been 
brought  up  to  any;  efpecially  Smiths,  Carpen 
ters,  Taylors,  Sawyers,  Coopers,  Bricklayers,  6V. 
The  Plenty  of  the  Country,  and  the  good  Wages 
given  to  Work-Folks  occafion  very  few  Poor, 
who  are  fupported  by  the  Parilli,  being  fuch  as 
are  lame,  tick,  or  decrepit  through  Age,  Diftem- 
pers,  Accidents,  or  fome  Infirmities ;  for  where 
there  is  a  numerous  Family  of  poor  Children  the 
Veftry  takes  Care  to  bind  them  out  Appren 
tices,  till  they  are  able  to  maintain  themfelves  by 
their  own  Labour ;  by  which  Means  they  are  ne 
ver  tormented  with  Vagrant,  and  Vagabond  Beg 
gars,  there  being  a  Reward  for  taking  up  Run 
aways, 


VIRGINIA.  55 

aways,  that  are  at  a  fmall  Diftance  from  their 
Home ;  if  they  are  not  known,  or  are  without  a 
Pals  from  their  Mailer,  and  can  give  no  good  Ac 
count  of  themfelves,  eipecially  Negroes. 

In  all  convenient  Places  are  kept  Stores  or  Ware- 
Houfes  of  all  Sorts  of  Goods,  managed  by  Store- 
Keepers  or  Factors,  either  for  themfelves  or  o- 
thers  in  the  Country,  or  in  Great  Britain. 

This  Trade  is  carried  on  in  the  faired  and  gen- 
teeleti:  Way  of  Merchandize,  by  a  great  Num 
ber  of  Gentlemen  of  Worth  and  Fortune ;  who 
with  the  Commanders  of  their  Ships,  and  feveral 
I'irgiuLuis  (who  come  over  through  Bunnefs  or 
Curioiity,  or  often  to  take  Poffeffion  of  Eltates, 
which  every  Year  fall  here  to  iorne  or  other  ot 
them)  make  as  coniiderable  and  handfom  a  Figure, 
and  drive  as  great  and  advantageous  a  Trade  for 
the  Advancement  of  the  Publick  Good,  as  molt 
Merchants  upon  the  Royal-Exckarige. 

At  the  Stores  in  I'irgrnut,  the  Planters,  &c. 
may  be  lupplied  with  what  Kagltjb  Commodities 
they  want. 

The  Merchants,  Factors,  or  Store-Keepers  in 
I'irghihi  buy  up  the  Tobacco  of  the  Planters,  ei 
ther  for  Goods  or  current  Sp.tn/jb  Money,  or 
with  Stcrl/ng  Bills  payable  in  Gm//  Britain. 

The  Tobacco  is  rolled,  drawn  by  Horfes,  or 
carted  to  convenient  Rolling  Houfes,  whence  it 
is  conveyed  on  Board  the  Ships  in  Flats  or  Sloops, 


Some  Years  ago  there  was  made  an  Act  to  ob 
lige  all  Tobacco  to  be  fent  to  convenient  Ware- 
Houfes,  to  the  Cuitody  and  Management  of  pro 
per  Officers,  who  were  by  Oath  to  refufe  all  bad 
Tobacco,  and  gave  printed  Bills  as  Receipts  for 
each  Parcel  or  Hogfhead  ;  which  Quantity  was  to 
be  delivered  according  to  Order  upon  Return  of 
thole  Bills  ;  and  for  their  Trouble  and  Care  in 


56  The    STATE    of 

viewing,    weighing,    and    {lamping,    the    Officers 
were  allowed  5  s.  per  Hogfhead. 

The  Intent  of  this  Law  was  to  improve  the 
Commodity,  prevent  Frauds  in  publick  Payments; 
and  for  Eafe  of  the  common  Planters,  and  Expe 
dition  and  Conveniency  of  Shipping. 

But  though  the  firii:  Dengn  was  for  publick 
Tobacco  only,  yet  the  private  Crops  of  Gentle 
men  being  included  in  the  Law,  was  eiteemed  a 
great  Grievance ;  and  occafioned  Complaints, 
which  deftroyed  a  Law,  that  with  fmall  Amend 
ments  might  have  proved  moft  advantageous. 

The  Abrogation  of  this  Law  reduced  the  Sail 
ors  to  their  old  Slavery  of  rolling  the  Tobacco  in 
fome  Places ;  where  they  draw  it  for  fome  Miles, 
as  Gardeners  draw  a  Roller,  which  makes  them 
frequently  curfe  the  Country,  and  thro'  Prejudice 
give  it  a  very  vile  Charader. 

The  Tobacco  purchafed  by  the  Fadors  or  Store- 
Keepers,  is  sent  Home  to  their  Employers,  or  con- 
fign'd  to  their  correipondent  Merchants  in  Great 
Britain. 

But  molt  Gentlemen,  and  fuch  as  are  before 
hand  in  the  World,  lodge  Money  in  their  Mer 
chant's  Hands  here,  to  whom  they  fend  their 
Crop  of  Tobacco,  or  the  greateit  Part  of  it. 

This  Money  is  employed  according  to  the  Plan 
ter's  Orders ;  chiefly  in  fending  over  yearly  fuch 
Goods,  Apparel,  Liquors,  &c.  as  they  write  for, 
for  the  Ufe  of  themfelves,  their  Families,  Slaves 
and  Plantations ;  by  which  Means  they  have  every 
Thing  at  the  beft  Hand,  and  the  belt  of  its  Kind. 

Befides  Englijb  Goods,  feveral  Merchants  in 
Virginia  import  from  the  W$-lndies  great  Quan 
tities  of  Rum,  Sugar,  Moloflus,  &c.  and  Salt 
very  cheap  from  the  Salt  I/lands ;  which  Things 
they  purchafe  with  Money,  or  generally  with 
Pork,  Beef,  Wheat,  lhdian*Corn>  and  the  like. 

In 


VIRGINIA.  57 

In  fome  of  the  poorer  Parts  of  the  Country 
abounding  in  Pine,  do  they  gather  up  the  Ligbt- 
•:uvW,  or  Knots  of  the  old  Trees,  which  will  not 
decay,  being  piled  up  (as  a  Pit  of  Wood  to  be 
burnt  to  Charcoal)  and  encom patted  with  a  Trench, 
and  covered  with  Earth,  is  let  on  Fire ;  whereby 
the  Tar  is  melted  out,  and  running  into  the  Trench 
is  taken  up,  and  filled  into  Barrels;  and  being 
boiled  to  a  greater  Confiitency  becomes  Pitch. 

Of  Pitch  and  Tar  they  fend  Home  great  Quan 
tities,  though  not  near  io  much  at  AV//6  Cciro- 
////</,  which  formerly  was  the  South  Part  of  /'//•- 
g//// j  ;  but  has  long  fince  been  given  away  to  Pro 
prietors,  tho'  the  Bounds  between  the  Colony  of 
Virginia,  and  the  Government  of  \orth  Carolina 
are  difputed  ;  io  that  there  is  a  very  long  Ujl  of 
Land  fifteen  Miles  broad  between  both  Colonies 
(called  the  il(l]>u led  \}oiiihL\)  in  due  Subjection  to 
neither;  which  is  an  sljyluni  for  the  Runagates  of 
both  Countries. 

The  greateit  Part  of  Virginia  is  uneven;  and 
near  the  Water  they  are  free  from  great  Stones, 
Rocks,  and  high  Hills ;  but  far  in  the  Country 
they  have  valt  Rocks,  Stones,  and  Mountains  ; 
and  though  in  the  Salts  there  is  no  Stone  for 
Lime  nor  Building;  (but  with  0\j}cr-$hcl!s  they 
make  good  Lime  and  enough)  yet  up  the  Frefh.es, 
and  above  the  Falls  of  the  Rivers  are  clif covered 
free  and  common  Stone  of  feveral  Sorts,  among 
which  may  be  expected  Lime-Stone. 

Here  are  alfo  valt  Quantities  of  Iron  Ocir,  and 
various  Kinds  of  Minerals^  whole  Nature  and 
Vertues  are  as  yet  undifcovered. 

J\Jqfcs's  Words  of  Exhortation  to  the  IJrciclitcs 
for  Obedience  to  God's  Laws,  DC///,  viii.  6,  7,  8,  9, 
may  be  applied  to  the  rirginians  ;  and  particularly 
when  he  faith  that  God  had  brought  them  into  a 
Land  whole  Stones  are  Iron ;  and  for  what  we 
I  know 


58  The    STATE    of 

know  the  following  Words  may  alfo  be  applied  to 
them,  when  he  faith  out  of  the  Hills  of  that 
Land  might  be  digged  Brafs,  for  which  there  is 
no  fmall  Profpect  and  Expectation ;  and  in  all 
Probability  there  may  be  found  the  nobler  Metals 
of  Gold  and  Sihcr,  if  we  did  but  fearch  for  them 
in  the  Bowels  of  the  Earth,  if  we  would  but  be 
at  the  Expence  and  Trouble  to  feek  for  them. 

Why  may  not  our  Mountains  in  America,  for 
what  we  know,  be  as  rich  as  thofe  of  Mexico  and 
Peru  in  the  fame  Country  ?  Since  the  little  Hills 
fo  plentifully  abound  with  the  belt  of  Iron ;  for 
the  digging,  melting,  working,  and  Exportation 
whereof  Providence  has  furnifli'd  us  with  all 
wonderful  Conveniences ;  if  we  would  add  but  a 
little  Expence,  Art,  and  Induftry. 

This  Iron  has  been  proved  to  be  good,  and  'tis 
thought,  will  come  at  as  cheap  a  Rate  as  any  im 
ported  from  other  Places ;  fo  that  'tis  to  be  hoped 
Col.  Spo$wwd's  Works  will  in  a  fmall  Time  prove 
very  advantageous  to  Great  Britain,  which  un 
doubtedly  will  be  carried  to  great  Perfection  and 
univerfal  Benefit,  by  his  ikilful  Management  and 
indefatigable  Application  to  fuch  noble  Under 
takings  and  glorious  Projects. 


C  H  A  p 


V  1 11  C!  I  N  I  A.  59 


CHAP.      VI. 

Of  Germanna,  the  Palatines,  Wine, 
J^emp,  Flax,  Silk,  Sumach,  Trees, 
Fruits,  Coals )  the  Trafls  of  Land, 
ftealth,  Militia,  the  Mannacan 
Town,  Titles,  Levies,  Burgeffes, 
Laws,  and  general  AJJembly. 

E  Y  O  N  D  Col.  Spotfcood's  Furnace  a- 
bove  the  Falls  of  Rafpahannockl^i\^ 
within  View  of  the  vail  Mdunhu'nSi  he 
has  founded  a  Town  called  Gcrnhuiihi, 
from  fome  Gcrnuuis  lent  over  thither  by  Qtccu 
Anne,  who  are  now  removed  up  farther :  Here 
he  has  Servants  and  Workmen  of  moil  handy- 
craft  Trades  ;  and  he  is  building  a  Church,  Court- 
Houfe  and  Dwelling-Houfe  for  himlelf;  and  with 
his  Servants  and  Negroes  he  has  cleared  Planta 
tions  about  it,  propofing  great  Encouragement 
for  People  to  come  and  lettle  in  that  uninhabited 
Part  of  the  World,  lately  divided  into  a  Coun 
ty. 

Beyond  this  are  feated  the  Colony  of  Gcnuiins 

or    Ptihittnes,    with    Allowance  of  good    Ouanti- 

o  »*c 

ties  of  rich  Land,  at  eafy  or  no  Rates,  who  thrive 
very  well,  and  live  happily,  and  entertain  gene- 
roufly. 

Thefe  are  encouraged  to  make  Wines,  which 
by  the  Experience  (particularly)  of  the  late  Col. 
Robert  Beverly,  who  wrote  the  Hiftory  of  f'-irgi- 
•nia,  was  done  eafily  and  in  large  Quantities  in 
thofe  Parts;  not  only  from  the  Cultivation  of  the 
I  2  wild 


60  The    STATE    of 

wild  Grapes,  which  grow  plentifully  and  natu 
rally  in  all  the  good  Lands  thereabouts,  and  in  the 
other  Parts  of  the  Country;  but  alfo  from  the 
Spanijh,  French,  Italian,  and  German  Wines,  which 
have  been  found  to  thrive  there  to  Admiration. 

Befides  this,  thefe  Uplands  feem  very  good  for 
Hemp  and  F/a\,  if  the  Man u fad u re  thereof  was 
but  encouraged  and  promoted  thereabouts ;  which 
might  prove  of  wonderful  Advantage  in  our  Na- 
vcil  Stores  and  Linens. 

Here  may  likewife  be  found  as  good  Clapboards, 
and  Fife-Staves,  Deals,  Mafls,  Yards,  Planks,  &c. 
for  Shipping,  as  we  are  fupplied  with  from  feve- 
ral  other  Countries,  not  in  his  Majefty's  Domi 
nions. 

As  for  Trees,  Grain,  Pults,  Fruits,  Herbs, 
Planks,  Flowers,  and  Roots,  I  know  of  none  in 
England  either  for  Pleafure  or  Ufe,  but  what  are 
very  common  there,  and  thrive  as  well  or  better 
in  that  Soil  and  Climate  than  this  for  the  genera 
lity  ;  for  though  they  cannot  brag  of  Goofeber- 
ries  and  Currants,  yet  they  may  of  Cherries, 
Strawberries,  GV.  in  which  they  excel :  Befides 
they  have  the  Advantage  of  feveral  from  other 
Parts  of  America,  there  being  Heat  and  Cold  fuf- 
ficient  for  any ;  except  fuch  as  require  a  continual 
Heat,  as  Lemons  and  Oranges,  Pine-Apples,  and 
the  like,  which  however  may  be  raifed  there  with 
Art  and  Care. 

The  word  Thing  in  their  Gardens,  that  I  know, 
is  the  Artichoak ;  but  this  I  attribute  to  Want 
of  Skill  and  good  Management. 

Mulberry  Trees  and  Silkworms  thrive  there  to 
Admiration,  and  Experience  has  proved  that  the 
Silk  Manufacture  might  be  carried  on  to  great 
Advantage. 

There  is  Coal  enough  in  the  Country,  but  good 
Fire-Wood  being  fo  plentiful  that  it  encumbers 

the 


VIRGINIA.  6 1 

the  Land,  they  have  no  Neceffity  for  the  Trou 
ble  and  Expence  of  digging  up  the  Bowels  of  the 
Earth,  and  conveying  them  afterwards  to  their 
feveral  Habitations. 

There  grows  Plenty  of  Sitm<.ick\  lo  very  uieful 
in  the  Dying  Trade. 

The  Land  is  taken  up  in  Tracts,  and  is  Free 
hold  by  Patent  under  the  King,  paying  two  Shil 
lings  as  a  yearly  Quit-Ren f  for  every  hundred  A- 
cres. 

Moil  Land  has  been  long  fince  fa  ken  up  and 
fciital,  except  it  be  high  up  in  the  Country. 

For  iurveying  of  Land,  when  any  is  fa  ken  up* 
bought,  exchanged,  or  the  Right  conteited, 
there  is  appointed  a  Surcevor  in  each  County,  no 
minated  and  examined  by  the  Governors  of  /be 
College,  in  whole  Gift  thole  Places  are  under  the 
S//r~ccwr  General. 

But  of  this  I  may  be  more  particular  upon  ano 
ther  Occaiion ;  only  I  lhall  here  oblerve,  that  e- 
very  five  or  ieven  Years  all  People  are  obliged  to 
go  a  Proceljion  round  their  own  Bounds,  and  re 
new  their  Landmarks  by  cutting  frelh  \rotrbes  in 
the  boundary  Trees. 

Sometimes  whole  Plantations  are  Ibid,  and  at 
other  Times  f mall  Habitations  and  Lands  are  let ; 
but  this  is  not  very  common,  moil  having  Land 
of  their  own;  and  they  that  have  not  may  make 
more  Profit  by  turning  Overfeers,  or  by  lome  o- 
ther  better  Ways,  than  by  Fur/Hing. 

Though  now  Land  fells  well  there,  in  a  few 
Years  it  will  be  more  valued,  fince  the  Number  ot 
Inhabitants  encreafes  fo  prodigioufly ;  and  the 
-Tratts  being  divided  every  Age  among  feveral 
Children  (not  unlike  Gavel  Kind  in  Kent  and  L'r- 
chinfielcT)  into  fmaller  Plantations ;  they  at  Length 
muft  be  reduced  to  a  Neceffity  of  making  the 

moil 


62  The    STATE    of 

moil  of,  and  valuing  a  little,  which  is  now  almoft 
fet  at  Nought. 

In  general  the  Country  of  Virginia  is  plenti 
ful,  pleafant  and  healthy;  efpecially  to  fuch  as 
are  not  too  fond  of  the  Cuftoms  and  Way  of  li 
ving  they  have  been  ufed  to  elfewhere;  and  to  fuch 
as  will  endeavour  at  firft  to  bear  with  fome  fmall 
Matters,  and  wean  themfelves,  and  make  every 
Change  as  agreeable  as  they  can. 

Without  fuch  Proceeding  the  beft  Country  in 
the  World  would  not  pleafe  them ;  fince  where- 
ever  they  go  from  Home  they  muft  certainly  find 
many  Things  different  from  what  they  have  been 
accuftomed  to. 

As  for  Health,  I  think  this  Climate  as  good  as 
any  with  Care,  though  fome  Conftitutions  can  be 
well  in  no  Air,  let  them  do  what  they  will,  and 
the  ftouteft  cannot  be  always  Proof  againft  Sick- 
nefs,  be  they  in  never  fo  healthy  a  Country ;  and 
in  all  Places  with  Care  People  may  enjoy  a  good 
Share  of  Health,  if  they  have  any  tolerable  good 
Conftitution ;  if  they  avoid  Heats  and  Colds,  In 
temperance,  and  all  Manner  of  Exceffes. 

In  each  Country  is  a  great  Number  of  difci- 
plin'd  and  arm'd  Militia,  ready  in  Cafe  of  any 
fudden  Irruption  of  Indians  or  Infurre&ion  of  Ne 
groes,  from  whom  they  are  under  but  fmall  Ap- 
prehenfion  of  Danger. 

Up  James  River  is  a  Colony  of  French  Refu 
gees,  who  at  the  Mannaca  'Town  live  happily  un 
der  our  Government,  enjoying  their  own  Lan 
guage  and  Cuftoms. 

The  Gentlemen  of  the  Country  have  no  other 
diftinguifliing  Titles  of  Honour,  but  Colonels  and 
Majors  and  Captains  of  the  Militia,  except  the  Ho 
nourable  the  Council,  and  fome  commiffioned  in  Polls 
by  his  Majefty  or  his  Orders,  who  are  nominated 
I  FJquires ; 


V  I  %  C  I  N  f  A.  63 

Ef quires :  but  there  is  one  Baronet's  Family  there, 
viz.  Sir  irHUam  Skiputittis. 

The  Taxes  or  Levies  are  either  publick,  Coun 
ty,  or  Parijb ;  which  are  levied  by  the  Jujiices  or 
/  "ejiries,  apportioning  an  equal  Share  to  be  paid  by 
all  Peribns  in  every  Family  above  Sixteen  ;  except 
the  icbite  Il'owen,  and  fome  antiquated  Peribns, 
who  are  exempt. 

The  Payment  is  Tobacco,  which  is  ibid  or  ap 
plied  in  Specie  to  the  Uie  intended. 

The  publick  Levy  is  for  the  Service  of  the  Co 
lony  in  General,  the  County  Levy  is  for  the  Uie 
of  the  County,  collected  by  the  Sherijl's  and  their 
Offices  and  Receivers :  and  the  Pariih  Levy  is  for 
its  own  particular  Uie,  collected  by  the  Church- 
II  \irdens  for  Payment  of  the  /l//////Ar,  the  Church, 
and  Poor. 

There  are  two  Burgcjffcs  elected  by  the  free 
holders^  and  ient  from  every  County ;  and  one  for 
'James  TV/:cv/,  and  another  for  the  College-,  thefe 
meet,  choofe  a  Speaker,  6?r.  and  proceed  in  moil 
Kelpeds  as  the  Rouje  of  Commons  in  England, 
who  with  the  ( '  pper  Houje,  confuting  of  the  Go 
vernor  and  Council,  make  Laws  exactly  as  the 
King  and  Parliament  do;  the  Laws  being  pafled 
there  by  the  Governor,  as  by  the  King  here. 

All  the  Laws  and  Statutes  of  Kngljnd  before 
Queen  Elizabeth  are  there  in  Force,  but  none  made 
iince ;  except  thoie  that  mention  the  Plantations, 
which  are  always  fpecified  in  Knglijb  Laws,  when 
Occafion  requires. 

The  General  Affembly  has  Power  to  make  Laws, 
or  repeal  fuch  others,  as  they  ihall  think  molt 
proper  for  the  Security  and  Good  of  the  Coun 
try,  provided  they  be  not  contradictory  to  the 
Laws  of  England,  nor  interfering  with  the  In- 
tereit  of  Great  Britain  ;  thefe  Laws  are  immedi 
ately 


64  The    STATE    of 

ately  in  Force  there,  and  are  tranfmitted  hither 
to  the  Lords  of  the  Plantations  and  Trade  for 
the  Royal  Ajjent ;  after  which  they  are  as  obliga 
tory  as  any  Laws  can  poffibly  be ;  but  of  late  all 
Laws  relating  to  Trade  muft  be  fent  Home  be 
fore  they  be  of  any  Validity ;  which  makes  fome 
occafional  Laws  upon  certain  Emergencies  alto 
gether  ufelefs ;  fince  the  intended  Opportunity 
may  be  pafs'd,  before  they  are  returned  back  to 
Jrirginia  ;  and  fo  ngnify  nothing  to  the  Pur- 
pofe. 

All  Laws  that  the  King  diilikes  upon  the  firft 
Perufal,  are  immediately  abrogated. 

Thus  in  State  Affairs  Liberty  is  granted,  and 
Care  is  taken  to  make  fuch  Laws  from  Time 
to  Time,  as  are  different  from  the  Laws  in  Eng 
land,  whenever  the  Intereft  or  Neceflity  of  the 
Country,  or  the  Nature  of  the  Climate,  and  o- 
ther  Circumftances  (hall  require  it. 


PART 


VIRGINIA.  65 


-o-  -c-  ei-  -o-  -o  -0  -o  0-  -0  0  - 
-OT  "O"  "O:  o-  -G-  c-  -o-  -o-  -c-  -c-  -c;-  o 
.^ 


PART     III. 


Of  the  State  of  the  Church  and  Clergy 
of  Virginia. 

/f^^  HO  UGH  Provifton  is  made,  and 
Pr°Per  Meafures  are  taken  to  make  Al- 
lowances  and  Alterations  in  Matters  of 
Government  State  and  Trade;  yet  in  Mat 
ters  of  Religion^  there  has  not  been  the  Care  and 
Proviiion  that  might  be  wiflied  and  expected. 

For  the  Country  requires  particular  Alterations 
and  Allowances  in  fome  indifferent  fpiritual  Con 
cernments,  as  well  as  in  temporal  Affairs,  which 
might  be  done  without  deviating  in  the  leaft  from 
the  Principles  and  Pradice  of  the  Ejiablift?d  Cbi/rcb 
of  England;  and  inftead  of  encouraging  Diffen- 
tions,  or  Herefy,  or  Schiim,  or  Irreligion,  would 
be  a  fure  Means  always  to  prevent  them,  were 
lurh  fmall  Alterations  regularly  eftablifhed  in  fome 
Things  indifferent,  as  might  belt  agree  with  the 
Conveniency  and  Nature  of  the  Colony  :  for  it 
is  impoiTible  for  a  Clergyman  to  perform  this  Duty 
according  to  the  literal  Dire&ion  of  the  Rubrick ; 
for  were  he  too  rigorous  in  thefe  Refpects  by  dif- 
obliging  and  quarrelling  with  his  Parifh,  he  would 
do  more  Mifchief  in  Religion,  than  all  his  fine 
Preaching  and  exemplary  Life  could  retrieve ;  A 
K  fhort 


66  The    STATE    of 

ihort  Narrative  of  which  Cafe  of  the  Church  I 
tranfmitted  Home  to  the  late  Eijbop  of  London, 
by  Order  arid  Appointment  of  a  late  Convention, 
in  a  Representation  of  fome  EC  cleft  ajtical  Affairs  ; 
but  the  Nature  of  this  may  more  fully  appear  by 
the  following  Account. 

This,  with  all  the  other  Plantations,  is  under 
the  Care  of  the  Bijhop  of  London,  who  fupplies 
them  with  what  Clergymen  he  can  get  from  Eng 
land,  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  France.  The  late 
Bifliop  appointed  the  Reverend  Mr.  James  Blair 
to  be  his  Commiffary,  who  is  likewife  Pr  eft  dent 
of  the  College,  and  one  of  the  Council.  He  by 
the  Bijhop's  Order  fummoned  the  Clergy  to  Con 
ventions,  where  he  fate  as  Chairman ;  but  the  Power 
of  Conventions  is  very  little,  as  is  that  of  the  Com- 
mijfary  at  preient.  "Vifitations  have  been  in  vain 
attempted;  for  the  corrupt  Abufes  and  Rigour  of 
Ecclefiaftical  Courts  have  fo  terrified  the  People, 
that  they  hate  almoft  the  very  Name,  and  feem 
more  inclinable  to  be  ruled  by  any  other  Me 
thod,  rather  than  the  prefent  fpiritual  Courts. 
Differences  and  great  Diiputes  frequently  arife  be 
tween  the  Governor  and  the  People,  concerning 
the  Presentation,  Collation,  Inftitution,  and  Induc 
tion  to  Livings ;  and  it  is  fcarce  yet  decided  di- 
ftin&ly  who  have  the  Right  of  giving  Pariilies  to 
Miniiters,  whether  the  Governors  or  the  Veftries, 
though  the  beft  of  Council  have  been  applied  to 
for  their  Opinion;  for  their  Sentiments  are  not 
obligatory. 

The  Veftries  confift  of  the  Minifter,  and  twelve 
of  the  moft  fubftantial  and  intelligent  Perfons  in 
each  Parifli.  Thefe  at  firft  were  elefted  by  the 
Parifli  by  Pole,  and  upon  Vacancies  are  fupplied 
by  Vote  of  the  Veftry ;  out  of  them  a  new  Church- 
Warden  is  annually  chofen,  under  (as  it  were)  the 
InltrnSion  of  the  old  one  chofen  the  Year  before. 


V  I  R  G  INI  A.  67 

By  the  Veltry  are  all  parochial  Affairs  managed, 
inch  as  the  Church,  Poor,  and  the  Minifter's  Sa 
lary. 

The  Clerk  in  Cafe  of  the  Minitter's  Death  or 
Abfence  has  great  Bufineis,  and  is  a  kind  of  C//- 
/v/A',  performing  frequently  all  the  Offices  of 
the  Church,  except  the  two  Siicrciwarfs  and  Mu- 
trimony;  but  'tis  Pity  but  his  Practices  were  bet 
ter  regulated,  and  Sets  of  Sermons  alfo  appointed 
for  his  Purpofe  ;  for  in  feveral  Places  the  Clerks 
are  fo  ingenious  or  malicious,  that  they  contrive 
to  be  liked  as  well  or  better  than  the  Minifter, 
which  creates  Ill-Will  and  Disturbance,  befides 
other  Harm.  In  fome  Places  they  read  the  Lei- 
ions,  publilli  Banns,  eOV.  when  the  Minitter  is 
preient,  for  his  Eale ;  which  firit  may  not  be  im 
proper  in  very  hot  Weather,  or  if  the  Minitter  be 
lick  or  infirm,  if  the  Clerk  can  read  tolerably  well. 
Likewiie  might  they  be  allowed  to  bury  when  a 
Minifter  cannot  pollibly  be  had  before  the  Corpfe 
would  corrupt  in  hot  Weather ;  but  little  more 
lliould  be  granted  them,  iince  fome  Places  long  ac- 
cuiromed  to  hear  only  their  Clerk  read  Prayers 
and  Sermons  at  Church,  have  no  right  Notions 
of  the  Office,  Helped,  and  Dignity  of  a  Clcrg}'- 
i/uin.  For  regittering  Births  and  Burials,  there  is 
a  imall  Allowance  which  is  generally  given  to  the 
Clerk,  who  takes  that  Trouble  off  the  Minitter's 
Hands.  The  Ufe  of  this  is  to  know  the  Num 
ber  of  Tythables,  for  laying  of  Levies,  and  for 
other  Occaiions,  and  Lilts  of  thefe  Regiiters  are 
delivered  into  the  Hands  of  proper  Officers. 
The  Parifhes  being  of  great  Extent  (fome  fix- 
ty  Miles  long  and  upwards)  many  dead  Corpjes 
cannot  be  conveyed  to  the  Church  to  be  buried  : 
So  that  it  is  cuftomary  to  bury  in  Gardens  or 
Orchards,  where  whole  Families  lye  interred  to 
gether,  in  a  Spot  generally  handfomly  encloied, 
K  2  planted 


68  The   S  T  A  T  E    of 

planted  with  Evergreens,  and  the  Graves  kept  de 
cently:  Hence  likewife  arifes  the  Occalion  of 
preaching  Funeral  Sermons  in  Houfes,  where  at 
Funerals  are  aflembled  a  great  Congregation  of 
Neighbours  and  Friends ;  and  if  you  infill  upon 
having  the  Sermon  and  Ceremony  at  Church, 
they'll  fay  they  will  be  without  it,  unlefs  perform 
ed  after  their  ufual  Cuftom.  In  Houfes  also 
there  is  Occafion,  from  Humour,  Cuftom  fome- 
times,  from  Neceffity  moft  frequently,  to  baptize 
Children  and  church  Women,  otherwife  fome  would 
go  without  it.  In  Houfes  alfo  they  moft  commonly 
marry,  without  Regard  to  the  Time  of  the  Day 
or  Seafon  of  the  Year.  Though  the  Churches 
be  not  consecrated  by  Bifhops,  yet  might  there  be 
fome  folemn  Dedication  prefcribed  for  letting  them 
apart  for  facred  Ufes ;  which  would  make  People 
behave  themfelves  with  greater  Reverence  than 
they  ufually  do,  and  have  a  greater  Value  for  the 
Houfe  of  God  and  holy  Things. 

Their  Churches  were  formerly  built  of  Timber, 
but  now  they  build  them  of  Brick,  very  ftrong 
and  handfome,  and  neatly  adorned ;  and  when  any 
Church  is  gone  to  Decay,  or  removed  to  a  more 
convenient  Place,  they  enclofe  the  old  one  with 
a  Ditch. 

Though  Perfons  are  admitted  to  the  Lord's 
Supper  there,  that  never  were  confirmed  by  the 
Bijbopi  yet  might  there  be  certain  Examinations 
as  preparatory  Qualifications,  which  would  lay  the 
Sureties  and  Parents  of  Children  baptized,  under 
a  NecefTity  of  taking  Care  of  them,  as  to  a  pious 
Education,  and  would  make  them  be  obliged  to 
know  more  of  their  Duty  than  they  generally 
do. 

For  this  End  I  have  compofed  (as  I  before  hint 
ed)  an  Accidence  to  Chri/lianity,  being  a  fhort  In 
troduction  to  the  Principles  and  Practices  of  Chri- 

ftians. 


V  I  R  C  I  N  I  A.  69 

itians,  collected  out  of  the  Church  Catechifm,  the 
thirty  nine  Articles,  Hammond's  Practical  dite- 
cbifm,  Grotius  of  the  'Truth  of  the  ChrijUan  Reli 
gion,  and  the  -whole  Duty  of  Man. 

Out  of  which  may  be  extracted  a  brief  Elimi 
nation  for  Communicants  before  their  firit  Admit 
tance  ;  which  may  be  done  by  the  Mtnfjicr,  if  he 
had  Orders  and  Directions  for  it.  By  this  Means 
the  People  would  attain  to  better  Notions  of  Re 
ligion  (and  many  more  would  be  Communicants, 
who  now  abftain  totally  through  Fear  or  Igno 
rance)  were  the  firit  true  Principles  timely  infilled 
into  them  in  a  brief  Method;  for  any  Thing  te 
dious  foon  tires  them,  and  will  not  obtain  the  de- 
lired  Effed.  In  feveral  Relpects  the  Clergy  are 
obliged  to  omit  or  alter  ibme  minute  Parts  of  the 
Liturgy,  and  deviate  from  the  itrict  Difcipline  and 
Ceremonies  of  the  Church;  to  avoid  giving  Of 
fence,  through  Cuftom,  or  elie  to  prevent  Abfur- 
dities  and  Inconfittencies.  Thus  Si/rpliccs,  difufed 
there  for  a  long  Time  in  molt  Churches,  by  bad 
Examples,  Careleinefs  and  Indulgence,  arc  now  be 
ginning  to  be  brought  in  Fafhion,  not  without 
Difficulty;  and  in  ibme  Parifhes  where  the  People 
have  been  ufed  to  receive  the  Communion  in  their 
Seats  (a  Cultom  introduced  for  Opportunity  for 
luch  as  are  inclined  to  Prcfbytcry  to  receive  the 
Sacrament  fitting)  it  is  not  an  eaiy  Matter  to  bring 
them  to  the  Lord's  ^fablc  decently  upon  their 
Knees. 

The  lait  Injunction  in  the  Form  of  Publick 
Baptifm  is  moil  properly  omitted  there,  wherein 
the  Godfathers  and  Godmothers  are  ordered  to  take 
Care  that  the  Child  be  brought  to  the  Bijbop  to 
be  confirmed,  which  for  the  molt  Part  would 
prove  impracticable. 

It  would  be  improper  for  the    Chaplain  of  the 

Honourable    the    Ajjembly    and    others,   to   life   the 

11  Prayers 


70  The    STATE    of 

Prayers  for  the  High  Court  of  Parliament  verba 
tim^  for  they  cannot  know  whether  the  Parlia 
ment  fits  in  England  then  ;  and  their  Intent  is  to 
pray  for  the  AJfembly  and  the  King's  Dominions  ; 
fo  that  the  Prayer  mult  be  altered  in  feveral  Re- 


Tis  Pity  but  the  Prayer  was  altered,  and  al 
lowed  for  the  Affembly^  Governor  and  Council  ;  of 
which  we  have  an  Inftance  in  Irtjb  Common  Prayer 
Books. 

Every  Minifter  is  a  kind  of  Independent  in  his 
own  Parifli,  in  Refpeft  of  fome  little  particular 
Circumftances  and  Cuftoms,  to  which  they  are  of 
ten  occafionally  obliged  ;  but  this  Liberty  with 
out  Reftraint  may  prove  of  bad  Confequence  here 
after  ;  when  the  bad  Tenets  and  Diicipline  of  any 
hetorodox,  libertine,  or  fantajlical  Perfons  may 
plead  Prefcription  for  their  Eitablifhment,  and  be 
difficult  to  be  eradicated. 

In  moft  Pariflies  are  Schools  (little  Houfes  being 
built  on  Purpofe)  where  are  taught  Englijb  and 
Writing  ;  but  to  prevent  the  fowing  the  Seeds  of 
Diflention  and  Faftion,  it  is  to  be  wiihed  that  the 
Mqfters  or  Miftrejffes  fhould  be  fuch  as  are  ap 
proved  or  licenfed  by  the  Minifter,  and  Veftry  of 
the  Parifti,  or  Juftices  of  the  County  ;  the  Clerks 
of  the  Pariihes  being  generally  moft  proper  for 
this  Purpofe  ;  or  (in  Cafe  of  their  Incapacity  or 
Refufal)  fuch  others  as  can  belt  be  procured. 

As  for  baptizing  Indians  and  Negroes,  feveral  of 
the  People  difapprove  of  it;  becaufe  they  fay  it 
often  makes  them  proud,  and  not  fo  good  Ser 
vants  :  But  thefe,  and  fuch  Objections,  are  ealily 
refuted,  if  the  Perfons  be  fenlible,  good,  and 
underftand  Englijb,  and  have  been  taught  (or  are 
willing  to  learn)  the  Principles  of  Chrijlianity,  and 
if  they  be  kept  to  the  Obfervance  of  it  afterwards; 
for  Cbri/iianity  encourages  and  orders  them  to  be 

come 


VIRGINIA.  71 

come  more  humble  and  better  Servants,  and  not 
worfe,  than  when  they  were  Heathens. 

But  as  for  baptizing  wild  Indians  and  -new  Arc- 
i>T0es,  who  have  not  the  lead  Knowledge  nor  In 
clination  to  know  and  mind  our  Religion,  Lan 
guage  and  Cuftoms,  but  will  obstinately  perliit  in 
their  own  barbarous  U'ays\  I  queition  whether 
Baptifm  of  fuch  (till  they  be  a  little  weaned  of 
their  iavage  Barbarity)  be  not  a  Rroftiftitwn  of  a 
Thing  fofacred. 

But  as  for  the  Children  of  Negroes  and  Indians, 
that  are  to  live  among  Chrijiians,  undoubtedly 
they  ought  all  to  be  baptized ;  fince  it  is  not  out 
of  the  Power  of  their  Mailers  to  take  Care  that 
they  have  a  Chriftian  Education,  learn  their  Pray 
ers  and  Catechifm,  and  go  to  Church,  and  not 
accultom  themielves  to  lie,  {wear  and  Heal,  tho' 
fuch  (as  the  poorer  Sort  in  England}  be  not  taught 
to  read  and  write ;  which  as  yet  has  been  found 
to  be  dangerous  upon  (everal  political  Accounts, 
elpecially  Self-Preiervation. 

In  every  Pariih  there  is  allotted  for  the  Mini- 
Iter  a  convenient  L>iuelling-Houfe  and  a,  Glebe  of  a- 
bout  two  hundred  and  fifty  Acres  of  Land,  with 
a  fmall  Stock  of  Cattle  ready  in  fome  Places,  as 
'^i  i wes  Ttfu;/;. 

The  Salary  of  the  Minifter  is  yearly  16000, 
and  in  fome  Parifhes  20000  /.  of  Tobacco ;  out  of 
which  there  is  a  Deduction  for  Cajk,  prizing,  col 
lecting,  &c.  about  which  Allowance  there  are 
fometimes  Difputes,  as  are  alfo  Differences  often 
about  the  Place,  Time,  and  Manner  of  delivering 
it ;  but  all  theie  Things  might  eaiily  be  regu 
lated. 

Tobacco  is  more  commonly  at  20  s.  per  Cent. 
than  at  10;  io  that  certainly,  (comnnnubus  aunts} 
it  will  bring  12  v.  8//.  a  hundred,  which  will  make 
16000  (the  leait  Salary)  amount  to  100  /.  per  Ann. 

which 


72  The    STATE    of 

which  it  mull:  certainly  clear,  allowing  for  all 
petty  Charges,  out  of  the  Lownefs  of  the  Price 
ttated,  which  is  lefs  than  the  Medium  between 
ten  and  twenty  Shillings;  whereas  it  might  be 
itatecl  above  the  Medium,  fince  it  is  oftener  at 
twenty  than  ten  Shillings. 

Berides  the  Glebe  and  Salary,  there  is  20  s.  for 
every  Wedding  by  Licenfe,  and  5  s.  for  every  Wed 
ding  by  Banns,  with  40  s.  for  a  Funeral  Sermon, 
which  moil  of  the  middling  People  will  have. 

This  one  would  think  fhould  be  fufficient  En 
couragement  for  Clergymen  of  good  Lives  and 
Learning  (that  are  not  better  provided  for  elfe- 
where)  to  go  over  and  fettle  there ;  if  they  con- 
fidered  rightly  the  little  Danger  and  Fatigue  they 
may  expofe  themfelves  to,  the  great  Good  they 
may  do,  and  what  Advantages  they  may  reap  with 
good  Conduft  and  right  Management  of  their 
Fortunes  and  Converfations. 

The  Parifhes  are  large,  but  then  the  Inhabitants 
are  but  thin ;  and  there  are  Chapels  of  Etife  in 
large  Parifhes,  at  which  there  is  divine  Service  in 
Turns  with  the  Churches ;  and  frequently  upon  a 
Vacancy  fome  neighbouring  Clergyman  does  the 
Duty  of  another  Parijb  betides  his  own,  on  fome 
Week-Day^  for  which  he  has  the  Salary,  till  it  can 
be  better  fupplied. 

Many  Difputes  and  Differences  arife  between 
fome  of  the  Clergy  and  People ;  but  this  general 
ly  proceeds  from  the  uncertain  and  precarious 
Footing  of  Livings,  and  fome  Difputes  about  the 
Nature  and  Manner  of  the  Payment  of  the  efta- 
bliihed  Salary ;  which  though  it  may  be  efteemed 
fufficient,  yet  is  not  fo  well  regulated,  as  might 
be  wifhed  and  expeded  in  fuch  a  great  Colony  of 
fo  long  a  Jhnuliiig,  and  free  from  the  Moleflation 
of  Church  Faftion,  and  Diflenters. 

Befides 


VIRGINIA.  73 

Befides  the  Payment  of  the  Salary,  the  S</r- 
plicc  Fees  want  a  better  Regulation  in  the  Pay 
ment  ;  for  though  the  Allowance  be  f  ufficient, 
yet  Differences  often  and  Ill-Will  arife  about 
thefe  Fees,  whether  they  are  to  be  paid  in  Mo 
ney  or  Tobacco,  and  when ;  whereas  by  a  fmall 
Alteration  and  Addition  of  a  few  Laws  in  thefe 
and  the  like  Refpects,  the  Clergy  might  live  more 
happy,  peaceable,  and  better  beloved ;  and  the 
People  would  be  more  eafy,and  pay  never  the  more 
Dues. 

The  Eitablifhment  is  indeed  Tobacco,  but  fome 
Parts  of  the  Country  make  but  mean  and  poor, 
fo  that  Clergymen  don't  care  to  live  in  fuch  Pa- 
riflies ;  but  there  the  Payment  might  be  made  in 
Money,  or  in  the  Produce  of  thofe  Places,  which 
might  be  equivalent  to  the  Tobacco  Payments  ; 
better  for  the  Minitter,  and  as  pleaiing  to  the 
People. 

Some  Clergymen  are  indeed  unlkilful  in,  and 
others  are  not  itudious  of,  reconciling  their  own 
Intereft  and  Duty  with  the  Humour  and  Advan 
tage  of  the  People,  especially  at  their  firit  coming, 
when  many  Things  feem  very  odd  to  them  ;  be 
ing  different  to  what  they  have  been  heretofore 
accuttomed  to. 

Thefe  Things  often  occafion  Unealinefs  to  the 
Minifters  themfelves,. and  the  People;  but  for  the 
Generality  they  that  have  a  Mind  to  do  their 
Duty,  and  live  happily  (with  fome  Caution  and 
Care)  may  live  with  as  much  Satisfaction,  Refpect, 
Comfort,  and  Love,  as  moft  Clergymen  in  Eng 
land. 

'Tis  to  be  hoped  and  wiihed,  that  as  the  Go 
vernment  of  England  have  of  late  taken  it  into 
their  Coniideration  to  encourage  more  Clergymen 
to  go  over ;  fo  they  may  give  Inductions  and 
Directions  for  the  Advantage  and  Happinefs  of 
L  both 


74-  The    S  T  A  T  E    of 

both  the  Clergy  and  Laity,  by  rectifying  and  fet 
tling  fome  Affairs  belonging  to  the  Church  of  Vir 
ginia  ;  and  providing  fuch  Laws  as  are  wanting 
or  requinte  to  be  altered  in  Refped  of  the  Cler 
gy  ;  a  full  and  true  Account  of  whom  I  have  here 
given  (as  much  as  the  Scope  of  this  Treatife 
would  admit  of)  to  the  beft  of  my  Knowledge. 

This  I  have  committed  to  Paper,  for  the  bet 
ter  Information  of  fuch  as  may  in  any  Refped 
be  concerned  in  Affairs  relating  to  Virginia,  efpe- 
cially  its  Government,  Religion,  and  Trade :  For 
without  exad  Notions  of  the  Temper,  Lives, 
and  Manners  of  the  People,  and  the  Nature  and 
Produce  of  the  Country,  none  can  frame  a  cor 
rect  Judgment  of  what  is  moil  proper  to  be  add 
ed,  altered,  or  continued,  nor  know  what  Steps 
are  to  be  taken  for  the  Advancement  of  either  the 
publick  or  private  Good  of  that  Colony,  in  Re- 
Ipeft  either  of  Church,  State,  or  Trade. 

Another  Inducement  for  my  writing  this,  was 
for  the  Encouragement  and  Intelligence  of  fuch 
good  Clergymen  and  others,  as  are  inclinable  to 
go  and  fettle  there ;  and  for  the  Information  of 
all  that  are  defirous  of  knowing  how  People  live 
in  other  Countries,  as  well  as  their  own;  toge 
ther  with  an  Intent  to  vindicate  this  Country  from 
the  unjuft  Refledions  which  are  vulgarly  caft  on 
it;  and  to  wean  the  World  from  the  unwor 
thy  defpicable  Notions,  which  many  entertain 
concerning  his  Majeftfs  Dominions  in  North  A- 
merica ;  where  is  Room  and  Imployment  enough 
for  all  that  want  Bunnefs  or  a  Maintenance  at 
Home,  of  all  Occupations ;  and  where,  if  they  be 
not  their  own  Enemies,  they  might  live  much 
better  than  ever  they  did  in  England;  which  blef- 
fed  Opportunity  of  favourable  Providence  may  give 
great  Comfort  to  any  good  Folks  that  are  in  poor 
unfortunate  Cifcumftances. 

p  A  R  T 


VIRGINIA.  75 


PART     IV. 


uthors  concerning  Virginia,  and 
its  pub  lick  Officers,  Guard- Ships, 
and  the  State  <9/ Mary  land  and  North 
Carolina.  The  Concluf/on. 


the  Mifcellanea  Curiosa  is  publifh'd 
*.  Clayton's  fine  Defcription  of  Tirg/nia, 
and  Col.  Robert  Brcerley  has  wrote  a 
good  Hi/lory  of  it;  but  neither  is  ib 
particular  as  this,  as  to  its  prefent  Condition  ;  ib 
that  as  they  are  Supplements  to  Captain  Smith's 
Hijlory,  this  may  be  an  Abridgment  and  Appendi\ 
to  them  nil. 

True  Accounts  of  this  Country  are  difficult  to 
be  had  ;  for  they  that  have  lived  there  any  Time 
in  any  Repute  and  Bufinefs,  feldom  come  to  fet 
tle  in  England',  and  the  Sailors  for  the  greatelt 
Part  can  give  no  more  true  Relations  of  the  Na 
ture  of  the  Country,  than  a  Country  Carrier  can 
write  a  Defcription  of  London,  and  relate  the  Po 
liticks  of  Court,  and  Proceedings  of  Parliament; 
for  they  fee  and  know  but  little  of  the  Matter, 
and  that  the  very  worit. 

L  2  Others, 


76  The    STATE    of 

Others,  by  Reafon  of  their  fhort  Stay,  or  tor 
want  either  of  Opportunity,  Learning,  or  Capacity, 
can  neither  make  right  Remarks  and  corred  Ob- 
fervations,  nor  defcribe  Things  in  their  proper 
Colours  and  true  Luftre ;  and  moreover  fome  are 
prevailed  upon  through  Intereft,  Prejudice,  Spite, 
or  Fancy,  to  conceal  or  mifreprefent  Things  :  Be- 
iides,  they  that  have  been  there  formerly  know 
little,  but  the  very  woril  of  the  prefent  State  of 
the  Country. 

The  Laws  of  that  Plantation  are  collefted  into 
a  Body  and  publiilied ;  and  whatever  (of  any  Mo 
ment  and  worth  Notice)  is  not  mentioned  in  this 
Treatife,  or  in  the  Books  aforementioned,  mult 
be  fuppofed  to  correfpond  exadly  with  the  Cu- 
ftoms  and  Things  in  Great  Britain,  particularly 
in  and  about  London;  from  all  which  any  one 
that  is  either  obliged  or  inclin'd  may  have  fuffici- 
ent  Accounts  of  the  large,  increafing,  flourifhing, 
and  happy  Colony  of  Virginia. 

The  prefent  Governor  is  the  Right  Honourable 
the  Earl  of  Orkney,  whofe  Lieutenant  Governor 
is  Hugh  Dryfdale,  Efq; 

The  Council  are  thefe  Twelve. 

Edmund  Jennings,  Efq ;  Prefident. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  James  Blair. 

Robert  Carter,  \ 

William  Bird, 

Philip  Ludwell, 

John  Lewis, 

John  Harrifon,  (  Ff     . 

Mann  Page, 

Cole  Digges, 

Peter  Beverley, 

John  Robinfon, 

John  Carter, 

The 


77 


VIRGINIA. 

The  Secretary  is  John  Carter,  "^ 

The  Attorney-General  is  John  CL/yton,    \ 
The  Receiver  General  is  John  Graham, 
The  Auditor  is  John  Harrifon, 


^he  bcfl  Lijl  that  ]  can  collect  or  form  of  the  Offi 
cers  of  the  Cufloms,  is  this. 

I. 

f  Mr.  John  Baa/Her,  Colleo  j 
tor,  fupplied  by  Col.  //  7/-  I    40 
Ham  Ran  do! 'fib  -  -  ] 

Col.  Francis  Ltgbtfovt,  Sur 
veyor 
Mr.  Thoituis   MitcheL  Col- 


'J  times  } 
River. 


Lower 
Diftria. 


100 


leftor  - 
Mr.—    —  /rr///,  Surveyor — 


Elizabeth   Rrcer 


Surveyor 


fork   f  Mr.  John  Ambler,  Collcxlor- 
River.  \  Mr.  I  Till  him  Robcrtfon,  Surveyor  - 

Rappa-  (  Sir  Il'tll/am  Johnfon,    or   Mr.  R/- 
hannockl     chard   Chich[lki\    Collector 
River.     (  Mr.  Chriftopher  Robinfon,  Surveyor 


South  Potowmack 


Collector 


45 
40 

80 
80 


Cape  Charles.  Mr.  Griffith  Bo-i^en,  Surveyor—       100 

Accomack  and  Nor-  f  Mr.    Henry   Scarburgh,  \ 
thampton  Counties.   (    Collector  -  ~  J 

Thefe  have  fome  confiderable  Perquifttes  be- 
ftdes  their  Salaries;  for  which  they  give  Atten 
dance  and  perform  their  Duty  after  the  fame  Man 
ner  as  the  Officers  in  the  Rivers  and  Ports  do  in 
Great  Britain. 


To 


78  The    S  T  ATE    of 

To  guard  the  Coalts  from  the  Ravages  of  Py- 
rates,  Men  of  War  are  frequently  Rationed  there; 
but  they  are  not  at  all  under  the  Direction  of  the 
Governor  upon  Emergencies,  tho'  he  be  titular  Ad 
miral  of  thofe  Seas ;  but  had  he  iome  Command  o- 
ver  Men  of  War,  'tis  thought  it  might  be  of  great 
Service  to  the  Country,  and  Security  and  Advan 
tage  to  the  Merchants  and  others. 

Maryland  in  molt  Refpeds  in  an  inferior  De 
gree  agrees  with  rirginia,  only  their  Laws  and 
fome  Cuitoms  are  particular;  and  tho'  the  Church 
of  England  be  the  eftablifhed  Church  there,  and 
handfom  Provifton  be  made  for  the  Clergy,  yet 
they  have  many  Papijls,  and  feveral  Diflenters ; 
which  laft  may  be  fuppofed  to  be  encouraged 
thro'  Jefuitical  Views  to  diftrad  and  fubvert  the 
Chinch  of  England. 

As  for  North  Carolina  it  is  vaftly  inferior,  its 
Trade  is  fmaller,  and  its  Inhabitants  thinner,  and 
for  the  molt  Part  poorer  than  Virginia\  neither 
is  their  Government  extraordinary,  tho'  they  have 
fome  good  Laws,  and  there  is  fome  good  Living 
in  this  large  Country,  in  which  is  Plenty  of  good 
Provifion. 

As  for  Churches  there  are  but  very  few ;  and  I 
knew  of  but  one  Minifter  in  the  whole  Govern 
ment,  and  he  (for  what  Reafons  I  know  not)  had 
no  great  Faculty  of  influencing  the  People,  and 
is  lately  removed  thence ;  fo  that  much  Religion 
cannot  be  expefted  among  a  Collection  of  fuch 
People  as  fly  thither  from  other  Places  for  Safety 
and  Livelihood,  left  to  their  own  Liberty  with 
out  Reitraint  or  Inftruftion. 

Many  there  have  I  (with  Sorrow)  feen  ten  or 
fifteen  Years  old,  who  have  never  had  the  Op 
portunity  of  Baptifm,  which  they  joyfully  receive. 

Col.  Frederick  Jones,  one  of  the  Council,  and  in 
a  good  Poll,  and  of  a  good  Eftate  in  North  Ca 
rolina, 


VIRGINIA.  79 

rolina,  before  his  Death  applied  to  me,  deiiring  me 
to  communicate  the  deplorable  State  of  their 
Church  to  the  lute  Bijbop  of  London ;  alluring  me 
that  if  the  Society  for  propagating  the  Gofpel  in 
Foreign  Parts  would  contribute  and  direct  them, 
the  Government  there  would  join  in  elhblifhing 
by  Law  luch  Maintenance  as  might  be  iufficient 
for  iome  Clergymen  to  fettle  among  them, 

I  acted  according  to  his  Requeft,  but  never 
heard  of  the  Event  of  this  Application. 

For  Want  of  Clergy  the  Juftices  of  the  Peace 
marr\\  and  other  Laymen  perform  the  Office  of 
Burial. 

The  common  nominal  Cbriftians  live  there  not 
much  better  than  Heathens  \  the  pious -Endeavours 
of  the  Society  having  been  frequently  diiappointed 
either  by  their  not  having  full  Knowledge  of  the 
Country  and  People  (and  io  puriue  not  the  molt 
proper  Methods)  or  elie  becauie  they  have  hud 
the  Misfortune  fometimes  to  pitch  upon  Perfons, 
that  have  not  anfwered  the  End  of  their  Calling 
and  Million. 

By  thefe  Means  the  State  of  the  Church  in 
North  Carolina  is  very  miferable  ;  which  is  of 
greater!:  Moment,  and  requires  the  moil  charitable 
Direction  and  Chriltian  Affiltance ;  not  only  for 
the  Converfion  of  the  Indians  and  Baptifm  of  Ne 
groes  there,  but  for  the  Chriitening  and  Recove 
ry  to  the  Practical  Profeffion  of  the  Gofpel  great 
Numbers  of  Englijb,  that  have  but  the  bare  Nciwe 
of  God  and  Chrift ;  and  that  too  frequently  in 
nothing  but  vain  Swearing,  Curling,  and  Impre 
cations. 

May  all  thefe  vaft  Countries  grow  in  Grace, 
and  encreale  in  ipiritual  BlelTings,  and  temporal 
Prolperity. 

May  all  the  Ends  of  the  ll'orld  fee  and  puriue 
rightly  the  <SW/\v//"//  nf  GV,   and    know   and   be 
lieve 


8o 


The    STATE, 


lieve  that  there  is  none  other  Name  given  under 
Heaven,  by  and  thro'  whom  they  may  be  faved,  but 
only  the  Name  of  Jefus  Chrift. 

May  God's  Kingdom  be  eftabliihed  in  the  true 
Church  in  America,  as  well  as  England ;  and  may 
it  be  truly  faid,  bleffed  be  the  Lord  God  of  Shem ; 
for  his  is  the  Kingdom,  the  Power,  and  the  Glo 
ry,  for  ever  and  ever.  Amen. 


A  PPE  N- 


8i 


APPENDIX. 


!T  being  obierved  by  ibme  Gentlemen 
^  of  Diitinction,  that  in  the  foregoing 
I  Account  ot  /'//;<>////«:/,  I  hinted  at  lome 
Jj  Things,  wherein  Addition,  Altera 
tion,  or  Improvement  of  lome  Me 
thods  and  Lawrs,  leem'd  abiolutely  requifite  for  the 
Advancement  of  Religion  and  Learning,  and  the 
Promotion  of  Arts  and  Trade  ;  it  was  therefore 
thought  not  improper  to  annex  the  following 
Schemes  upon  thole  Subjects;  wherein  I  deliver 
my  Sentiments  in  as  free  and  plain  a  Manner  as 
I  can,  fpecifying  what  Redundancies  or  Defici 
encies  occur  to  my  Opinion ;  and  humbly  recom 
mending  fuch  Meafures  as  my  Imagination  dictates 
to  be  moft  proper  for  the  Intereli:  and  Profperity 
of  Virginia,  &c.  in  Conjunction  with  the  pub- 
lick  Good  of  Great  Britain. 

The  firit  of  thefe  Schemes,  I  fubmit  with  the 
greateit  Humility,  to  the  candid  Ceniure  and  Con- 
iideration  of  his  Grace  the  Archbiiliop  of  Can 
terbury,  to  whole  Protection  /'/'rghi/ci  Learning 
and  Education  ought  to  be  recommended,  as  he 

M  is 


82          APPENDIX. 

is    Chancellor    of  the    College   of    William    and 
Mary. 

The  next  Scheme  moil  properly  claims  the  fa 
vourable  Patronage  of  the  Lord  Bifhop  of  Lon 
don,  to  whole  careful  Management  the  Church  of 
Virginia  belongs. 

The  two  lait  are  more  particularly  offered  to 
the  Perufal  of  the  Lords  Commiffioners  of  Trade 
and  Plantations,  and  the  worthy  Prirgmia  Mer 
chants. 

But  forafmuch  as  Virginia  is  the  Scene  of  Ac 
tion  for  all  thefe  Schemes,  therefore  is  each  of 
them  humbly  prefented  to  the  Virginia  Gentry  ; 
particularly  to  the  honourable  the  Lieutenant  Go 
vernor,  the  Council,  the  Houfe  of  Surgeries,  the 
Clergy  and  the  Prefident,  Reftor  and  Governors 
of  the  College  of  the  moft  antient  and  loyal  Co 
lony  of  Virginia. 

If  any  thing  here  offered  be  diflik'd,  I  willing 
ly  (hall  fubmit  to  cenfure  when  diiproved  and  con 
futed  ;  mean  while  hope  that  nothing  here  men 
tioned  or  propofed  will  be  taken  amifs,  lince  this 
Work  was  purpofely  undertaken  with  a  fincere 
Intention  ot  publick  Good;  therefore  I  have  Ex- 
peftation  that  it  will  find  a  kind  Reception  with 
all  publick-fpirited,  and  unprejudiced  Perfons. 


S  C  II  K  M  E 


/  PPE  N  D  I  X.  83 


S  C  H  E  M  E        I. 


Of  Education  in  Virginia. 

Founders  of  inilhim  and  Ma- 
>  witn  Profpeft  of"  doing  the 
^  ?  greatelt  Good  for  the  Colonies  of  /  //  - 
'  gintc!  and  71  L/ryL/nd,  conferred  this  prince 
ly  Donation  upon  them  ;  and  were  feconded  with 
the  ample  Benefaction  of  the  honourable  Mr. 
Boylt\  and  the  Contributions  of  the  Country. 
But  this  underwent  the  common  Fate  of  moll  other 
charitable  Gifts  of  this  Kind,  having  met  with 
feveral  Difficulties  to  Itruggle  with  in  its  Infancy; 
but  the  molt  dangerous  was,  that  it  was  as  it 
were  no  Iboner  finilhed,  but  it  was  unfortunately 
and  unaccountably  confumed  to  Allies.  Yet  ob- 
ferve  the  wonderful  -Turns  of  Fortune,  and  Power 
of  Pnrctdcnrc.  This  College,  Pbcemx-like,  as  the 
City  of  London,  revived  and  improved  out  of  its 
own  Ruins.  But  though  it  has  found  fuch  unex 
pected  Succefs,  and  has  proved  of  very  great: 
Service  already  ;  yet  is  it  far  fhort  of  fuch  Per 
fection,  as  it  might  ealily  attain  to  by  the  united 
Power  of  the  Perfons  concerned  about  this  impor 
tant  Foundation. 

For  it  is  now  a  College  without  a  Chapel,  with 
out  a  Scholarlhip,  and  without  a  Statute. 

There  is  a  Library  without  Books,  comparative 

ly  fpeaking,  and  a  Prefident  without  a  fix'd  Sa 

lary  till   of  late:     A  Burgefs  without  certainty  of 

Electors;  arid  in   fine,   there   have   been    Difpntes 

M   2  and 


84.          APPENDIX. 

and  Differences  about  thefe  and  the  like  Affairs 
of  the  College  hitherto  without  End. 

Theie  Things  greatly  impede  the  Progrefs  of 
Sciences  and  learned  Arts,  and  difcourage  thofe 
that  may  be  inclined  to  contribute  their  Affiftance 
or  Bounty  towards  the  Good  of  the  College. 

Nevertheless  the  Difficulties  of  this  Kind  might 
be  removed  by  fome  fuch  Regulations  as  fol 
low,  viz. 

Let  none  be  permitted  to  teach  School  in  any 
Parifh,  but  fuch  as  {hall  be  nominated  by  the  Mi 
ni  Her  and  Veftry,  and  licenfed  by  the  Prefident  of 
the  College. 

Let  fuch  Lads  as  have  been  taught  to  read  and 
inftruded  in  the  Grounds  of  the  Englifb  Language 
in  thofe  Schools,  be  admitted  into  the  Grammar 
School  at  the  College,  if  they  pafs  Examination 
before  the  Prelident  and  Matters;  together  with 
fuch  Youth  as  fhall  be  fent  from  Maryland,  who 
have  a  Right  to  be  educated  at  this  College. 

Provided  always  that  the  Number  of  Grammar 
Scholars  ihall  never  exceed  one  Hundred. 

Let  them  be  boarded  and  lodged  in  the  Dormi 
tory,  as  they  are  at  prefent ;  or  upon  fuch  Terms 
as  may  from  Time  to  Time  feem  moft  proper  to 
the  Prefident  and  Mafters,  or  to  the  Governors, 
till  a  Transfer  be  obtained. 

Thefe  Lads  fliould  be  two  Years  under  the 
Care  of  the  Uflier,  and  two  more  under  the 
Grammar  Mafter;  and  by  them  inftructed  in  Latin 
and  Greek^  in  fuch  Methods  as  the  Preiident  and 
Mafters  fliall  direfl. 

And  during  thefe  four  Years,  at  certain  appoint 
ed  Times  they  fliould  be  taught  to  write  as  they 
now  are  in  the  Writing-School,  or  in  fuch  Me 
thods  as  the  Preiident  and  Mafters  may  judge  bet 
ter:  There  alfo  fliould  the  Writing  Mafter  teach 

them 


APPENDIX.  85 

them  the  Grounds  and  Pratiice  of  Arithmetick, 
in  order  to  qualify  iuch  for  Bulineis,  as  intend  to 
make  no  farther  Progrefs  in  Learning. 

Out  of  the  Grammar  School  ihould  be  yearly 
elected  by  the  Prefident  and  Mailers  [or  Profei- 
fors]  five  Scholars  upon  the  Foundation,  who 
fhould  be  allowed  their  Board,  Education,  and 
Lodging  in  proper  Apartments  gratis  ;  and  iliould 
alfo  be  provided  with  Cloaths  and  Gowns,  6;V. 
after  the  Charter-Houfe  Method. 

Thele  Scholars  ihould  continue  three  Years  up 
on  the  Foundation;  during  which  Time,  at  ap 
pointed  'Tcr/ns  they  Ihould  be  inllructed  in  Lan 
guages,  in  Religion,  in  Mathematicks,  in  Philo- 
lophy,  arid  in  Hillory,  by  the  live  Mailers  or  Pro- 
fetors  appointed  tor  that  Purpoic  ;  who  with  the 
Grammar  .Mailer  make  up  the  Number  appointed 
by  the  Charter. 

Bffides  the  Scholars,  the  ProfefTors  ihould  for  a 
certain  Sum  inllruct  inch  others  as  may  be  enter'd 
Commoners  in  the  College  out  of  the  Grjmnur 
School,  or  from  elfewhere,  by  the  Approbation  of 
the  Prefident  and  Mailers,  who  iliould  be  obliged 
to  wear  Gowns,  and  be  lubject  to  the  fame  Statutes 
and  Rules  as  the  Scholars ;  and  as  Commoners  are 
in  Oxford.  Thele  ihould  maintain  themfelves,  and 
have  a  particular  Table,  and  Chambers  for  their 
Accommodation. 

For  to  wait  at  the  tour  high  Tables  hereafter 
mentioned,  there  iliould  be  elected  by  the  Prefi 
dent  and  Mailers  four  Servitors,  who  iliould  have 
their  Education,  and  fuch  Allowances,  as  the  Ser 
vitors  in  Oxford. 

Such  Scholars,  Commoners,  and  Servitors,  as 
have  behaved  themfelves  well,  and  minded  their 
Studies  for  three  Years,  and  can  pals  proper  Exa 
mination,  and  have  performed  certain  Exercifes, 
iliould  have  the  Degree  of  a  Batchellor  of  Arts 
™  conferred 


86          APPENDIX. 

conferred  upon  them ;  fliould  eat  at  a  Table  toge 
ther,  and  be  dittinguifhed  by  a  peculiar  Habit ; 
maintain  themfelves,  be  fubjeft  to  certain  Rules, 
and  purfue  proper  Studies ;  being  allowed  the  Ufe 
of  the  Library  as  well  as  the  Matters,  paying 
proper  Fees  upon  their  AdmiiTion  for  the  Good  of 
the  Library. 

Out  of  thefe  Batchellors  fliould  be  yearly  eleft- 
ed  by  the  Prefidents  and  Matters,  one  Fellow  to 
be  allowed  20  /.  for  his  Paffage  to  England,  and 
20  /.  per  Ann.  for  three  Years  after  his  fpeedy  En 
trance  and  Continuance  in  fome  certain  College 
in  Oxford  or  Cambridge  \  after  which  he  fliould 
commence  Matter  of  Arts;  which  "Degree,  with 
all  others  in  our  Univerlities,  fliould  be  conferred 
in  the  fame  Manner  in  this  College  by  the  Prefi- 
dent  and  Matters. 

Out  of  the  Graduates  above  Batchellors  fliould 
the  Matters  or  Profeffors  be  chofen  by  the  Elec 
tion  of  the  laid  Matters  or  Profeffors,  with  the 
Preiident ;  who  alfo  every  feven  Years  fliould 
chofe  a  new  Chancellor,  to  whoie  Determination 
all  Difputes  and  Differences  fliould  be  referred. 

And  when  the  Preiident's  Place  is  vacant,  it 
iliould  be  filled  by  fuch  of  the  Matters  as  has 
belonged  firtt  to  the  College. 

A  ^eftimonium  from  this  College  fliould  be  of 
the  fame  Ufe  and  Force  as  from  others  in  our 
Univerfities. 

If  the  prefent  Fund  be  infufficient  to  defray  the 
Expence,  proper  Improvement  fliould  be  made  of 
the  Revenue,  and  Application  made  for  additional 
Benefadions. 

A  Body  of  Statutes  fhould  be  diredly  formed 
and  eftablifli'd  by  the  Vifitors,  Preiident,  and 
Matters ;  and  a  transfer  of  the  Truft  fliould  be 
then  made. 

Such 


APPEND  I  JC.  87 

Such  an  Eltabliihment  would  encourage  the 
bright  Youth  of  Virginia  to  apply  to  their  Stu 
dies,  and  in  fbme  Meafure  would  compel  them  to 
improve  themfelves ;  whereas  now  being  left  to 
their  own  Liberty,  they  proceed  but  fuperficially, 
and  generally  commence  Mdii  before  they  have 
gone  through  the  Schools  in  the  College.  Here 
too  would  be  great  Inducements  for  their  Friends 
to  advife  and  periuade  them  to  go  through  with 
their  Learning ;  when  they  are  certain,  that  they 
will  thus  be  regularly  improved,  and  have  Pro- 
fped  of  a  cheap  Education,  and  Hopes  of  the  belt 
Preferment  in  their  Country  in  Church  and  State: 
and  have  equal  (if  not  luperior)  Chance  with  o- 
thers  for  Promotion  abroad  in  the  World;  being 
bred  compleat  Gentlemen  and  good  Chriitians, 
and  qualified  for  the  Study  of  the  Gofpel,  Law, 
or  Phyiick ;  and  prepared  for  undertaking  Trade, 
or  any  uieful  Projects  and  Inventions. 

As  for  the  Accomplifliments  of  Mufick,  Dan 
cing,  and  Fencing,  they  may  be  taught  by  fuch 
as  the  Prefident  and  Mailers  ihall  appoint  at  fuch 
certain  Times,  as  they  Ihall  fix  for  thoie  Pur- 
poies. 

'Till  thele  Regulations  (or  the  like)  be  made, 
Matters  may  be  carried  on  as  they  are  at  prefent; 
only  to  me  there  feems  an  abfolute  NecelTity  now 
for  a  Profeffor  of  Divinity,  in  order  to  inftruS 
the  Indiiins  and  Yjigtijk  Youth  there  in  the  Grounds 
of  Religion,  and  read  Lectures  of  Morality  to 
the  fenior  Lads,  and  to  read  Prayers  and  preach 
in  the  College  as  Chaplain :  This  I  am  certain  is 
very  much  wanting,  and  what  the  prefent  In 
come  of  the  College  with  good  Management  will 
eafily  allow  of;  therefore  I  hope  particular  No 
tice  will  be  taken  hereof. 

There  is  as  yet  no  great  Occafion  for  the  Hall, 
io  that  it  might  be  made  a  Chapel  and  Divinity- 
School. 


88          APPENDIX. 

School,  for  which  Purpofe  it  would  ferve  nobly 
with  little  or  no  Alterations. 

As  there  is  lately  built  an  Apartment  for  the  ///- 
dian  Boys  and  their  Mafter,  ib  likewife  is  there 
very  great  Occafion  for  a  Quarter  for  the  Negroes 
and  inferior  Servants  belonging  to  the  College  ; 
for  thefe  not  only  take  up  a  great  deal  of  Room 
and  are  noify  and  naity,  but  alfo  have  often  made 
me  and  others  apprehenfive  of  the  great  Danger  of 
being  burnt  with  the  College,  thro'  their  Care- 
lefnefs  and  Drowfinefs. 

Another  thing  prejudicial  to  the  College,  is  the 
Liberty  allowed  the  Scholars,  and  the  negligent 
Obfervance  of  College  Hours,  and  the  Opportu 
nity  they  have  of  rambling  Abroad. 

To  remedy  this,  there  is  wanting  fome  Contri 
vance  to  fecure  the  Youth  within  the  College  at 
certain  Hours  ;  which  has  hitherto  been  in  vain  at 
tempted,  becaufe  of  the  many  Servants  lodged  in 
the  College,  and  the  feveral  Doors  and  Ways  to 
get  out  of  it. 

Likewife  the  Privileges  and  Apartments  of  the 
Prefident  and  Mailers,  and  Houfe-Keeper,  &c. 
ought  to  be  fix'd  and  afcertain'd ;  for  thefe  being 
precarious  and  doubtful,  upon  this  Account  has 
arofe  much  Difference  and  Ill-Will,  to  the  great 
Scandal  of  the  College,  and  Detriment  of  Learn 
ing. 

Little  additional  Charge  would  put  the  Govern 
ment  of  the  College  upon  a  much  better  Footing ; 
whereas  at  prefent  it  icarcely  merits  the  name  of 
a  College. 

As  for  Election  of  a  Burgefs  in  Purfuance  to  a 
Claufe  in  the  Charter,  he  ought  to  be  chofen  by 
the  Prefident  and  as  many  Mafters  as  there  fhall 
actually  be  at  any  Time. 

The  Charter  mentions  fix  Matters  or  Profeffors, 
but  does  not  fpecify  the  Profeffions ;  it  directs  to 

the 


APPEND!  JC.  89 

the  making  of  Statutes  and  founding  Scholarships, 
but  the  particulars  are  left  to  the  Diicretion  of 
the  Managers  ;  and  fome  fuch  Eftabliihment  as 
this  here  mentioned  may  not  be  improper,  eipe- 
cially  if  for  greater  Encouragement  the  Surveyors 
of  each  County  were  to  be  appointed  by  the  Pre- 
fident  and  Mailers,  out  of  iuch  as  have  taken  a 
Batchellor  of  Arts  Degree  there  ;  and  if  alfo  the 
Governor  and  Council  were  to  elect  a  certain 
Number  of  Batchellors  for  Clerks  into  the  Secre 
taries  Office  ;  out  of  wrhich  Clerks  attending  and 
writing  there  at  certain  Times,  the  County  Clerks 
ihould  be  appointed  by  the  Secretary. 

The  Office  of  the  Preiident  would  be  to  go 
vern  the  College,  be  Trealurer,  and  Cenfor,  and 
have  a  calling  Vote  in  all  Debates. 

The  fix  Profeffors  or  Matters  would  be 

[   Divinity,  who  fhould  be  Chaplain  and 

Catechiit. 
Mathematicks. 


one  for 

I   Languages. 

Hitlory. 

Humanity,  who  ihould  be  G/\tmmtr  Ma- 

t      iler. 

The  under  Mailers  would  be  the  Uiher,  the 
Indian  Mailer,  and  the  Writing-Mailer. 

The  Town  Mailers  mull  be  iuch  as  occaiion 
requires,  for  Fencing,  Dancing,  and  Muiick. 

There  would  be  three  Englijb  Fellows. 

There  would  be  fifteen  Scholars,  and  a  fufficient 
Number  of  School-Boys  for  a  conihint  Supply. 

Belides  a  Number  of  Batchellors  and  Mailers 
of  Arts,  who  would  wait  till  they  came  in  Fel 
lows  or  Profeffors,  or  got  to  be  made  Surveyors 
or  County  Clerks. 

N  For 


9o          A  PPE  N D  I  A~. 

For  all  this  there  might  eaiily  be  contrived 
Room  in  the  College,  especially  if  a  Hall  was 
built  in  the  Place  intended  for  the  Chapel. 

As  alfo  would  there  be  Room  enough  for  the 
Houfe-Keeper,  Officers,  and  Servants ;  efpecially 
if  a  Quarter  was  built  for  the  Negroes,  &c. 

The  Tables  might  then  be  diftinguifh'd  into 
four  higher  or  four  lower,  viz. 

The  upper  Table  for  the  Prefident  and  Mailers. 
The  fecond  for  the  Matters  of  Arts,  &c. 
The  third  for  the  Batchellors  of  Arts. 
The  fourth  for  the  Scholars  and  Commoners. 
The  four  lower  Tables  (hould  be 

The  firtt  for  the  Houfe-Keeper,  and  the 

upper  School-Boys. 

The   fecond  for  the  Uftier,  Writing-Ma 
iler,  and  the  lower  School-Boys. 
The   third  for  the   Servitors  and  College 

Officers. 
And  the  laft  for  the  Indian  Matter  and  his 

Scholars. 

This  Regularity  might  eafily  be  effected,  and 
would  prove  not  only  decent  and  creditable,  but 
alfo  ufeful  and  advantageous  to  the  Country  and 
the  College. 

The  Library  is  better  furniflied  of  late  than  for 
merly,  by  the  kind  Gifts  of  feveral  Gentlemen ; 
but  yet  the  Number  of  Books  is  but  very  fmall, 
and  the  Sets  upon  each  Branch  of  Learning  are 
very  imperfect,  and  not  the  beft  of  the  Sort. 

To  remedy  this  Defeft  proper  Application  fhould 
be  made  to  the  Societies  and  to  the  fuperior  Cler 
gy  in  England^  who  would  give  at  leaft  what 
Duplicates  they  have  upon  fuch  an  ufeful  Occa- 
iion ;  and  what  neceflary  Collection  of  Books  can 
not  be  obtain'd  by  begging,  they  may  buy  as  foon 
as  they  lhall  be  able  to  (lock  their  Library;  as  a 
great  Help  to  which  I  believe  conliderable  Con 
tributions 


APPENDIX.          91 

tributions  would  be  made  by  the  Clergy,  Burgei- 
fes,  and  Gentry  of  the  Country,  if  upon  eafy 
Terms  they  were  allowed  the  Uie  of  the  Library 
at  certain  Hours,  at  fuch  Times  as  they  lhall  be  at 
Williamfburgh,  either  for  Pleafure  or  upon  Bufi- 
nefs. 

The  Office  of  Librarian  is  given  to  Mr.  John 
Hurrts  the  Uiher,  in  order  to  make  his  Place  more 
agreeable  to  his  Merit:  and  if  the  Gardener  was 
made  to  execute  the  Office  of  Porter  for  his  pre- 
lent  Salary,  it  would  be  no  great  Harclfhip  upon 
him,  and  would  be  an  Eaie  to  the  College ;  and 
for  the  Benefit  and  Encouragement  of  the  Houfe- 
Keeper  feveral  imall  neceflary  Pennons  and  Privi 
leges  might  be  contrived  more  than  what  are  at 
prefent  allowed ;  lo  that  it  might  be  made  well 
worth  the  while  of  a  Pcrfon  of  Integrity,  Know 
ledge,  and  Prudence,  to  undertake  and  carry  on 
fo  troublefom  an  Office. 

The  greater  the  Number  of  Collegians,  the 
greater  would  b(>  the  Gain  of  the  Houfe-Keeper ; 
io  that  when  the  College  ihould  be  full  and 
compleat  as  here  directed  and  wiflied,  the  Colle 
gians  may  be  boarded  upon  eauer  Terms ;  board 
ed  I  fay;  becauie  if  any  but  the  Prelident  dieted 
themfelves,  it  would  create  Conf uiion ;  and  if  any 
belonging  to  the  College  but  fuch  Mailers  as  have 
Families  were  permitted  to  eat  elfewhere,  it  would 
not  be  worth  any  body's  while  to  lay  in  Provi- 
fion,  when  they  could  not  tell  what  Number  they 
mult  provide  for. 

As  for  the  EngUjb  College  Cuftoms  of  Com 
mons,  &c.  it  is  thought  as  yet  more  advifeable  to 
board  in  the  College  than  to  keep  to  thofe  Me 
thods,  till  the  Country  affords  better  Conveni- 
encies  and  Opportunities  for  fo  doing. 

The  Indians  who  are  upon  Mr.  Boyle's  Founda 
tion  have  now  a  handfom  Apartment  for  thcmfelves 
N  2  and 


92          APPENDIX. 

and  their  Matter,  built  near  the  College,  which 
uieful  Contrivance  ought  to  be  carried  on  to  the 
utmoft  Advantage  in  the  real  Education  and  Con- 
verfion  of  the  Infidels ;  for  hitherto  but  little 
Good  has  been  done  therein,  though  abundance 
of  Money  has  been  laid  out,  and  a  great  many  En 
deavours  have  been  ufed,  and  much  Pains  taken 
for  that  Purpofe. 

The  young  Indians,  procured  from  the  tributa 
ry  or  foreign  Nations  with  much  Difficulty,  were 
formerly  boarded  and  lodged  in  the  Town ;  where 
abundance  of  them  ufed  to  die,  either  thro'  Sick- 
nefs,  change  of  Provifion,  and  way  of  Life ;  or 
as  fome  will  have  it,  often  for  want  of  proper 
Neceffaries  and  due  Care  taken  with  them.  Thofe 
of  them  that  have  efcaped  well,  and  been  taught 
to  read  and  write,  have  for  the  moft  Part  returned 
to  their  Home,  fome  with  and  fome  without  Bap- 
tifm,  where  they  follow  their  own  favage  Cu- 
itoms  and  heathenifh  Rites. 

A  few  of  them  have  lived  as  Servants  among 
the  Englijb,  or  loitered  and  idled  away  their  Time 
in  Lazinefs  and  Mifchief. 

But  'tis  great  Pity  that  more  Care  is  not  taken 
about  them,  after  they  are  difmiffed  from  School. 

They  have  admirable  Capacities  when  their 
Humours  and  Tempers  are  perfectly  underftood  ; 
and  if  well  taught,  they  might  advance  them- 
felves  and  do  great  Good  in  the  Service  of  Reli 
gion  ;  whereas  now  they  are  rather  taught  to  be 
come  worfe  than  better  by  falling  into  the  worit 
Practices  of  vile  nominal  Chriftians,  which  they 
add  to  their  own  Indian  Manners  and  Notions. 

To  prevent  this  therefore,  let  there  be  chofen 
continually  four  Indian  Servitors  out  of  the  In 
dian  School,  as  the  other  four  out  of  the  Gram 
mar  School. 


Let 


A  P  P  E  N  D  I  X.          93 

Let  thefe  be  maintained  in  the  Indian  Houfe, 
and  wait  upon  the  four  lower  Tables :  Let  them 
be  inftruded  as  the  other  Servitors,- or  as  their 
Genius  moil:  aptly  may  require,  but  particularly  in 
Religion  ;  and  when  they  are  found  qualified  let 
them  be  fent  to  England,  or  placed  out  to  Cap 
tains  of  Ships  or  Trades,  as  the  Mathematical  Boys 
in  CbriJl-HofpitaL  for  a  few  Years ;  then  let  them 
return  and  be  allowed  a  fmall  Exhibition,  and  en 
couraged  in  their  feparate  Callings  and  Occupa 
tions  ;  and  let  them  fettle  fome  among  the  Eng- 
Ifjb,  and  others  return  to  their  own  Nations. 

Undoubtedly  many  of  them  would  become  ex 
cellent  Artifts  and  Proficients  in  Trade ;  and  thus 
when  Reafon  and  Experience  has  convinced  them 
of  the  Preference  of  our  Religion  and  Manners, 
certainly  they  may  not  only  fave  their  own  Souls; 
but  alfo  be  extreamly  instrumental  in  the  Conver- 
fion  of  their  barbarous  Friends  and  Relations. 

In  proceeding  thus,  any  that  feem  capable  or  in 
clinable  to  ftudy  Divinity,  fhould  by  all  Means 
be  encouraged  and  forwarded  in  it,  and  fent  over 
for  a  fmall  Time  to  one  of  our  Univerfities  with 
an  Allowance  of  FcIIoics\  after  which,  if  luch 
were  admitted  into  Orders,  and  then  fent  out 
MiiTionaries  among  their  own  Country-Folks, 
what  great  Good  might  we  not  expeft  from  fuch, 
when  throughly  converted  and  inftructed  in  Chri- 
ftianity,  and  made  truly  fenfible  of  the  Advantages 
of  Religion,  the  deadly  State  of  Infidelity,  and 
the  miferable  Lives  and  Cuttoms  of  the  Indians  ? 

In  a  Work  of  this  Kind  undoubtedly  feveral 
good  Chriftians  would  contribute  their  charitable 
AfTiilance  ;  'till  which  the  prefent  Fund  (liould  be 
applied  in  this  Method,  though  the  Managers 
fliould  be  obliged  to  reduce  the  Number  of  In 
dian  Scholars  upon  this  Account ;  fince  this  was 
the  main  Intent  of  the  Benefaction,  and  no  other 
H  Method 


94-  APPEND!  X. 

Method  can  well  anfwer  this  Delign ;  which  may 
be  evidenced  by  Experience  both  from  the  Col 
leges  of  Virginia  and  New  England  too,  as  I  have 
been  credibly  informed  from  good  Authors,  as 
well  as  my  own  Experience. 

By  fuch  Methods  in  Procefs  of  Time  might 
the  Indian  Obftinacy  be  mollified,  their  feeming 
Dulnefs  might  be  cleared  from  Hull ;  and  the 
Gates  of  Heaven  be  opened  for  their  AdmifTion 
upon  their  perfed  Convernon  to  the  Faith  of 
Chrift.  In  fuch  glorious  Defigns  as  thefe  neither 
fhould  Humour,  Intereft,  nor  Prejudice  divert  a- 
ny  from  their  charitable  Afliftance  therein,  efpe- 
cially  fuch  as  are  concerned  in  Affairs  of  this 
Kind,  and  engaged  by  Duty  to  lend  their  beft  Aid 
in  leading  the  Infidels  into  the  Pale  of  Chrift's 
Church,  and  making  them  by  mild  and  moft  gen 
tle  Meafures  to  accompany  his  Flock ;  lince  all 
the  Force  in  the  World  would  rather  drive  them 
from,  than  guide  them,  to  the  Congregation  of 
the  Faithful  and  Communion  of  Saints. 

By  fome  fuch  prudent  and  mild  Methods  alone 
may  they  be  made  to  live  and  die  as  true  Chrifti- 
ans,  and  not  like  the  moft  favage  Brutes,  as  they 
generally  do. 

^hus  far  as  to  the  Education  of  the  young  Men 
in  Virginia,  and  the  Inftruftion  moft  proper  for 
the  Indians;  and  as  for  the  Negroes  each  Owner 
ought  to  take  Care  that  the  Children  born  his 
Property,  and  all  his  intelligent  adult  Negroes  be 
taught  their  Catechifm  and  fome  fhort  Prayers, 
be  made  to  frequent  the  Church  and  be  baptized, 
and  hindered  as  much  as  may  be  from  Swearing, 
Lying,  Intemperance,  Prophanenefs,  and  Steal 
ing  and  Cheating. 

Finally,  as  to  the  Education  of  Girls,  it  is  great 
Pity  but  that  good  Boarding  Schools  were  erefted 
for  them  at  IV illiamf burgh  and  other  Towns. 

SCHEME 


g£ 


APPENDIX.          95 

W^MM^Mim 


SCHEME     II. 


Of  Religion  in  Virginia. 

T  is  an  Opinion  as  erroneous  as  common, 
that  any  iort  of  Clergymen  will  ferve  in 
]'irgiuia\  for  Perfons  of  immoral  Lives, 
or  weak  Parts  and  mean  Learning,  not  only  ex- 
pofe  thernfelves,  but  do  great  Prejudice  to  the 
Propagation  of  the  Gofpel  there ;  and  by  bad  Ar 
guments  or  worfe  Example,  initead  of  promoting 
Religion,  become  Encouragers  of  Vice,  Profane- 
nefs,  and  Immorality.  Whereas  were  luch  con 
fined  to  the  narrow  Limits  of  a  Pariih  or  two  in 
England^  where  their  Knowledge  and  their  Name 
would  icarce  extend  farther  than  the  Circumfe 
rence  of  their  own  Country ;  then  neither  could 
their  bad  Learning  nor  Example  propagate  fo 
much  Milchief,  as  when  lent  Abroad  into  the 
World  among  bright  and  obferving  People.  Nei 
ther  do  they  want  quarrelfom  and  litigious  Mi- 
niilers,  who  would  differ  with  their  Pariihioners 
about  infignincant  Trifles,  who  had  better  itay  at 
Home  and  wrangle  with  their  own  Parilhes, 
which  is  not  fo  great  a  Novelty  here  as  there. 
Neither  would  they  have  meer  Scholars  and  Sto- 
icks,  or  Zealots  too  rigid  in  outward  Appearance, 
as  they  would  be  without  loofe  and  licentious 
Profligates ;  thefe  do  Damage  to  thernfelves,  to 
others,  and  to  Religion. 

And 


96          APPENDIX. 

And  as  in  Words  and  Aftions  they  fliould  be 
neither  too  referved  nor  too  extravagant;  fo  in 
Principles  fliould  they  be  neither  too  high  nor  too 
low :  The  Virginians  being  neither  Favourers  of 
Popery  nor  the  Pretender  on  the  one  Side,  nor  of 
Prelbytery  nor  Anarchy  on  the  other ;  but  are  firm 
Adherents  to  the  prefent  Conftitution  in  State, 
the  Hanover  Succeffion  and  the  Epiicopal  Church 
of  England  as  by  Law  eftabliflied ;  confequently 
then  if  thefe  are  the  Inclinations  of  the  People, 
their  Minifters  ought  to  be  of  the  fame  Senti 
ments,  equally  averfe  to  papiftical  and  fchifmati- 
cal  Doftrines,  and  equally  free  from  Jacobitijh 
and  Oliverian  Tenets.  This  I  confefs  are  my 
Principles,  and  fuch  as  the  Virginians  beft  relifli, 
and  what  every  good  Clergyman  and  true  Englijh- 
man  (I  hope)  will  favour ;  for  fuch  will  never  re- 
fufe  to  fay  with  me 

God  blefs  the  Church,  and  GEORGE  its  Defender, 
Convert  the  Fanaticks,  and  baulk  the  Pretender. 

For  our  Sovereign  is  undoubtedly  the  Defender 
and  Head  of  our  national  Church  of  England,  in 
which  Refpeft  we  may  pray  for  the  King  and 
Church ;  but  Chrift  is  the  Head  of  the  Univerlal 
or  Catholick  Church,  in  which  Refped  we  wifli 
Profperity  to  the  Church  and  King. 

Clergymen  for  Virginia  fliould  be  of  fuch  Parts, 
Tempers,  and  Notions  as  thefe.  They  likewife 
fliould  be  Perfons  that  have  read  and  feen  fome- 
thing  more  of  the  World,  than  what  is  requifite 
for  an  Englijh  Parifli ;  they  muft  be  fuch  as  can 
converfe  and  know  more  than  bare  Philofophy  and 
fpeculative  Ethnicks,  and  have  ftudied  Men  and 
Bufinefs  in  fome  meafure  as  well  as  Books ;  they 
may  ad  like  Gentlemen,  and  be  facetious  and 
good-humour'd,  without,  too  much  Freedom  and 
Licentioufnefs ;  they  may  be  good  Scholars  with 
out 


APPENDIX.  97 

out  becoming  Cynicks,  as  they  may  be  good 
Chriftians  without  appearing  Stoicks.  They 
fhould  be  iuch  as  will  give  up  a  imall  Matter  ra 
ther  than  create  Difturbance  and  Mif chief ;  for  in 
all  Parithes  the  Miniiter  as  well  as  the  People 
fhould  pafs  by  fome  little  Things,  or  elfe  by  being 
at  Variance  the  belt  Preaching  may  have  the  worlt 
Effect ;  yet  they  mutt  not  contiefcend  too  far,  nor 
part  with  a  material  Right,  but  muit  be  truly 
zealous  and  firm  in  every  good  Caufe  both  pub- 
lick  and  private.  There  are  many  iuch  worthy, 
prudent,  and  pious  Clergymen  as  thefe  in  J'irginLi, 
who  meet  with  the  Love,  Reputation,  Refpect,  and 
Encouragement  that  iuch  good  Men  may  deierve 
and  expect :  However,  there  have  been  iome 
whole  Learning,  Actions,  and  Manners  have  not 
been  io  good  as  might  be  wilhed  ;  and  others  by 
their  outward  Behaviour  have  been  fufpected  to 
have  been,  fome  Jacobites,  and  others  Prefbyterians 
inwardly  in  their  Hearts. 

In  J'irgiuiii  there  is  no  Ecclefiaftical  Court,  fo 
that  Vice,  Prophaneneis,  and  Immorality  are  not 
fuppreffed  io  much  as  might  be :  The  People 
hate  the  very  Name  of  the  Bithop's  Court.  There 
are  no  Vifitations,  fo  that  the  Churches  are  often 
not  in  the  belt  Repair,  nor  as  decently  adorned 
as  might  be  ;  neither  in  iome  Places  can  the  Lord's 
Supper  be  adminitterd  with  iuch  holy  Reverence 
as  it  fhould  be,  for  want  of  proper  Materials  and 
Uteniils.  The  Churches  being  not  confecrated 
are  not  entered  with  iuch  reverent  Demeanour, 
as  ought  to  be  ufed  in  God's  holy  Tabernacle. 

For  want  of  Confirmation  Perlbns  are  admitted 
to  the  holy  Sacrament  with  mean  and  blind  Know 
ledge,  and  poor  Notions  of  the  divine  Myiteries 
of  the  Supper  of  the  Lord ;  which  is  an  Abufe 
of  a  thing  fo  very  facred. 

O  In 


98          APPENDIX. 

In  North  Carolina  and  feveral  Parts  of  Jrirginia 
Children  are  often  neglefted  to  be  baptized  till 
they  are  grown  up,  and  then  perhaps  may  never 
know  or  never  mind  that  they  want  to  be  chri- 
ften'd ;  and  many  eiteem  it  unneceflary. 

The  Clerks  upon  feveral  Occanons  performing 
too  great  a  Share  of  divine  Services,  expofe  the 
Church  to  Shame  and  Danger,  and  often  bring 
Contempt  and  Difdain  upon  the  Perions  and  Func 
tion  of  the  Minifters. 

Minifters  are  often  obliged  to  bury  in  Orchards, 
and  preach  Funeral  Sermons  in  Houfes,  where  they 
alfo  generally  marry  and  chriften ;  and  as  for  Wed 
dings  there  is  no  Regard  to  the  Time  of  the  Day 
nor  the  Seafon  of  the  Year  ;  and  in  North  Caro 
lina  the  Juftices  marry. 

Now  to  remedy  all  thefe  Grievances  and  Defi 
ciencies,  with  all  Evils  of  the  like  Kind,  there  is 
an  abfolute  Neceffity  for  a  Perfon  whole  Office 
upon  this  Occafion  fhould  be  fomewhat  uncom 
mon,  till  a  Bifliop  be  eftablifhed  in  thofe  Parts ; 
who  might  pave  out  a  Way  for  the  Introduction 
of  Mitres  into  the  Englijh  America,  fo  greatly  want 
ing  there.  This  Perfon  fhould  have  Inrtruftions 
and  Power  for  difcharging  fuch  Parts  of  the  Of 
fice,  of  a  Bifliop,  of  a  Dean,  and  of  an  Arch- 
Deacon,  as  Neceffity  requires,  and  the  Nature  of 
thofe  facred  Funftions  will  permit ;  and  from  a 
Medium  of  thefe  three  Fundions  he  might  be 
called  Dean  of  Virginia  ;  under  whofe  Jurifdidion 
North  Carolina,  might  fall  for  the  prefent,  till  the 
Constitution  in  Church  and  State  there  be  better 
advanced. 

This  Perfon  fliould  refide  in  fome  Pariili  in  /7r- 
ginia,  and  be  obliged  to  make  a  Progrefs  (for  the 
People  will  not  approve  of  a  Vifitation)  each 
Spring  and  Fall  in  Virginia  and  North  Carolina, 
as  his  Difcretion  ill  all  befi  direft  him. 

As 


APPENDIX.          99 

As  for  a  Salary  for  his  travelling  Expences  100  /. 
per  Ann.  would  fuffice ;  and  that  this  might  not 
bring  any  new  Charge  upon  the  Publick,  there 
fhould  be  no  Fees  upon  any  Account,  neither 
fliould  he  put  them  to  any  Expence.  This  Perlbn 
ihould  be  one  that  is  popular,  univerfally  acquaint 
ed  with  the  People,  their  Temper  and  Manners, 
and  one  reipected  and  beloved  by  them ;  and  as  a 
farther  Encouragement  for  him,  and  to  iupport 
the  Dignity  of  his  Office,  he  ihould  have  a  good 
convenient  Pariili  in  J'irghuj.  ;  and  in  his  Abience 
the  Clergymen  there  iliould  be  obliged  to  officiate 
in  his  Church  in  Turns,  according  to  their  Senio 
rity  in  the  Country  ;  for  the  Detriment  that  the 
Parifhes  would  fuffer  by  the  Lofs  of  Service  in 
their  Churches  one  Si/mhn  in  ieveral  Years  would 
be  nothing,  when  compared  with  the  Advantage 
they  would  receive  in  Lieu  of  it. 

As  a  farther  Addition  to  his  Salary  and  Honour, 
he  might  be  one  of  the  Mailers  of  the  College, 
particularly  Divinity  ProfefFor  would  be  moft 
iuitable  with  his  Character  and  Office,  and  more 
convenient  for  him,  fince  he  might  contrive  to 
make  his  Progress  in  the  Vacation  Time. 

This  Salary  of  100  /.  per  Ann.  might  certainly 
be  eaiily  obtained  from  the  Government  out  of 
the  Quit-Rents,  or  otherwife,  as  the  CommifTary's 
was;  which  Office  and  Name  has  not  appeared 
well-pleafmg  to  the  People  and  Clergy,  for  Rea- 
fons  I  can't  account  for;  neither  has  it  obtained 
the  Power  and  good  Effect  as  might  have  been 
expected. 

This  Office  of  Dean  might  be  try'd  for  a  few 
Years,  and  the  Dean  iliould  be  obliged  to  tranf- 
mit  Home  yearly  to  his  Diocefan  the  Bifhop  of 
London  attetted  Copies  of  his  Proceedings  in  his 
Progrefs  ;  fetting  forth  the  Particulars  of  the  At 
tempts  that  he  has  made,  and  the  Good  he  has 
N  2  done. 


ico        APPENDIX. 

done,  figned  by  the  Juftices  and  Minifters  of  the 
Place  or  County.  The  Expence  of  this  Tryal 
would  be  but  little,  but  the  Good  that  might  a- 
rife  from  hence  might  be  unfpeakable,  and  there 
can  be  no  Hurt  in  it;  no  Incroachment  upon  the 
Privilege  of  the  People,  nor  the  Rights  of  the  fe- 
veral  Incumbents. 

His  Office  and  Duty  fliould  be  to  regifter  all 
Letters  of  Orders  and  Credentials  of  Minifters, 
fent  over  by  the  Bifliop  of  London,  and  alfo  all 
Collations  to  Livings.  To  examine  and  confirm 
all  Perfons  before  they  be  admitted  to  the  Lord's 
Supper,  which  Confirmation  (or  rather  Approba 
tion)  might  be  done  without  Impofition  of  Hands 
in  a  peculiar  Form,  proper  for  the  Circumftances 
of  this  Occafion ;  and  the  Minifters  fhould  admit 
none  to  the  Sacrament  without  his  Certificate  of 
this  their  Confirmation, 

He  fliould  be  obliged  to  fend  the  Minifters  in 
his  Progrefs  timely  Notice  of  his  Intention,  with 
a  printed  Form  of  his  Examination  and  Confirma 
tion,  with  Dire&ions  for  the  Minifter  to  prepare 
and  exhort  the  Congregation  thereto.  In  his. 
Progrefs  he  fliould  preach  at  fuch  vacant  Churches 
as  he  pafTes  by ;  baptize  all  Children  and  others 
that  require  it;  and  preach  up  the  abfolute  Ne- 
ceffity  of  it.  He  fliould  have  Power  to  call  a 
Veftry,  and  there  examine  whether  the  Church, 
&c.  be  in  good  Repair,  and  fit  for  the  Congre 
gation  ;  whether  it  be  fufficiently  beautified  and 
commodioufly  built  and  fituated ;  whether  there 
be  Surplices,  Communion-Table  and  Cloth,  and 
all  the  Utenfils  required  in  the  Canons  of  the 
Church  of  England. 

He  fliould  enquire  into  the  Conduft  of  the  Mi 
nifter  ;    and   likewife   fliould   he   infpeft   into  the 
Management    of    the  Clerk,  and    prefcribe    him 
Rules  and  Directions  in  the  Execution  of  his  Of- 
i  fice, 


APPENDIX:        ioi 

fice,  efpecially  where  there  is  no  Incumbent  Mi- 
nifter,  which  very  frequently  happens  in  feveral 
Places  for  Years  together. 

He  iliould  fee  that  the  Lord's  Supper  be  duly 
and  decently  adminiftered,  encourage  People  to 
frequent  Communion,  and  inttruft  them  in  the 
Nature  of  that  holy  Sacrament ;  and  as  for  Bap- 
tifm  he  fhould  fee  that  it  be  rightly  performed, 
and  by  the  Bifhop  of  London's  Directions  fhould 
prefcribe  the  requiute  Alteration  in  the  laft  Claufes 
of  the  Form  of  Baptifm  ;  as  alfo  thofe  Alterations 
wanting  in  the  Prayer  for  the  General  Affembly, 
inftead  of  the  Prayer  for  /be  Parliament. 

He  fhould  alfo  vifit  fuch  Sick  as  he  paffes  by, 
and  exhort  all  to  a  timely  Repentance,  and  not 
(as  they  too  often  do)  to  defer  that  and  the  Sacra 
ment  till  Death. 

He  iliould  perfuade  and  advife  People  as  much 
as  may  be  to  chriften,  marry,  and  bury  at  Church. 
He  fhould  likewife  enquire  if  there  be  any  noto 
rious  and  fcandalous  Livers,  who  by  their  wicked 
Practices  give  Offence  to  their  Chriilian  Neigh 
bours. 

He  fhould  likewife  fee  that  the  divine  Service 
be  performed  regularly  and  decently  according  to 
the  Rubric,  and  exhort  and  dired  thereto;  with 
Abundance  more  of  fuch  Things  as  thefe,  which 
might  eafily  be  done,  if  attempted  in  an  ealy,  mild 
Manner;  which  might  prove  of  wonderful  Ad 
vantage  to  the  Good  of  Vertue  and  Religion. 

Though  the  Office  of  this  Dean  iliould  be 
chiefly  to  infpeft,  exhort,  reprimand,  and  repre- 
fent,  befides  Confirming,  and  doing  the  common 
Offices  of  a  Clergyman ;  yet  fhould  he  and  the 
Veftry  prefent  at  the  County  Courts  any  egregi 
ous  Default  or  OmiiTion  of  the  Kinds  here  men 
tioned  ;  but  here  they  fhould  be  very  tender  and 
cautious  not  to  give  general  Offence,  for  Rigour 

will 


15 


o2       'APPENDIX. 


will  foon  make  fuch  an  Office  odious  to  the  Peo 
ple,  and  then  it  will  be  but  of  little  Service. 

Prefentments  of  this  kind  (when  any)  (liould 
be  made,  given  in,  and  profecuted  in  the  common 
Courts,  in  the  fame  Form  and  Manner  as  common 
Prefentments  are  ;  fo  that  here  would  be  no  Inno 
vation  in  the  Proceedings. 

In  order  to  create  more  Refpeft  for  facred 
Places  and  Things,  the  Churches  and  Church- 
Yards  there  {liould  be  folemnly  fet  apart  for  that 
Purpofe  by  the  Dean,  by  fome  kind  of  Form  of 
Confecration  fuitable  to  be  ufed  by  a  Perfon  that 
is  no  Biiliop,  and  agreeable  to  the  Occanon  of  the 
Thing,  and  Nature  of  the  Place. 

Such  a  Perfon  as  this  might  do  a  vaft  deal  of 
Good,  and  reduce  the  Church  Difcipline  in  Vir 
ginia.  to  a  much  better  Method  than  at  prefent  it 
is  in  :  For  tho'  the  Church  of  England  be  there 
eftablifhed,  yet  by  permitting  too  great  Liberty, 
and  by  being  too  indifferent  in  many  fuch  Refpefts 
as  are  here  fpecified,  great  Inconveniences  have 
arofe  ;  and  we  may  certainly  expeft  far  greater 
Detriment  in  the  Church  from  hence,  unlefs  time 
ly  Lenitives  and  proper  Remedies  be  applied,  in 
the  beft  Methods  that  can  poffibly  be  devifed; 
fome  fuch  Methods  (I  conceive)  as  thefe  here  pro- 
pofed  may  not  be  efteemed  lead  proper  ;  and  if 
they  be  rejeded  or  defpifed,  yet  I  am  perfuaded 
that  they  are  not  fo  inngnificant  as  fome  may  ima 
gine,  and  not  altogether  fo  defpicable  as  to  be 
quite  difregarded  ;  and  not  thought  worthy  of 
the  ferious  Perufal  of  any  concerned  in  Affairs  of 
this  Nature. 

The  Method  ufed  for  obtaining  a  Living  in 
Virginia,  is  for  the  Party  to  notify  his  Intentions 
of  going  Abroad  to  the  Bilhop  of  London,  to  pro 
duce  fufficient  TeiUmonials  of  his  good  Life  and 
Principles,  together  with  his  Letters  of  Orders; 

which 


APPENDIX.         103 

which  being  approved  of,  he  has  then  a  Licence, 
and  Certificate,  and  Credentials  to  the  Governor, 
with  an  Order  upon  the  Treafury  for  20  /.  for 
his  PafTage;  and  upon  his  Arrival  makes  Applica 
tion  for  fome  vacant  Parilh  either  to  the  Gover 
nor,  to  the  Pariihioners,  or  to  both;  upon  whofe 
Approbation  he  is  admitted  their  Minifter.  But 
Variety  of  Difputes  have  arofe  from  the  uncer 
tain  Interpretation  of  the  l^irgiui.i  Laws  relating  to 
Livings;  and  though  the  Opinion  of  the  bell 
Council  has  been  procured,  yet  as  their  Senti 
ments  could  not  fufficiently  fettle  it,  fo  have  they 
directly  contradicted  each  other.  Several  of  the 
People  infill:  that  they  have  the  Right  of  Prefe ro 
tation  ;  and  on  the  other  hand  the  Governor  has 
as  itrenuoufly  conteiled  with  them  for  his  Right 
of  Prefentation  in  Behalf  of  the  King;  fo  that 
feveral  that  the  Pantiles  have  nominated  or  elected 
have  been  refufed  ;  and  on  the  other  Side,  many 
appointed  and- lent  by  the  Governor  have  been  re 
jected  with  Difdain,  Difappointment,  and  111- 
Will.  Thele  Elections  of  the  People  are  often 
difagreeable  to  the  Governor's  Choice,  and  the 
People  on  the  contrary  will  refute  whom  they  fay 
the  Governor  may  impofe  upon  them,  though  he 
comes  diredly  recommended  from  the  Biihop  ; 
but  in  my  Opinion  their  Election  might  be  better 
given  up,  fuppole  they  had  a  Right  to  it,  fince 
it  often  creates  fuch  Diiturbance  ;  and  in  Procefs 
of  Time,  who  knows  but  they  may  elect  and  in 
fill  upon  Perions  unfit  for  the  Nlinittry,  either 
for  their  Learning,  Lives,  or  Doctrines,  and  not 
licenfed  by  the  Bithop  ;  and  may  obltinately  refufe 
any  fuch  as  comes  regularly,  and  is  prefented  to 
the  Living  by  the  Governor. 

This  Prefentation  by  the  Governor,  who  like- 
wife  as  Ordinary  is  to  inllitute  and  induct,  may 
be  termed  a  Collation ;  but  there  of  late  were  not 

above 


104         APPENDIX. 

above  three  or  four  Redors  thus  collated,  or  in- 
ftituted  and  induced  in  the  whole  Colony;  be- 
caufe  of  the  Difficulties,  Surmifes,  Difputes,  and 
Jealouiies  that  arife  upon  fuch  Accounts.  But  the 
Clergy  (landing  upon  this  Footing  are  liable  to 
great  Inconveniency  and  Danger;  for  upon  any 
fmall  Difference  with  the  Veftry,  they  may  pre 
tend  to  affume  Authority  to  turn  out  fuch  Mini- 
fters  as  thus  come  in  by  Agreement  with  the  Ve 
ftry,  who  have  often  had  the  Church  Doors  (hut 
againft  them,  and  their  Salaries  flopped,  by  the 
Order  and  Protection  of  fuch  Veftry-Men,  who 
erroneouily  think  themfelves  the  M afters  of  their 
Parfon,  and  aver,  that  lince  they  compared  but 
from  Year  to  Year  with  him  as  fome  have  done, 
they  may  turn  off  this  their  Servant  when  they 
will ;  be  without  one  as  long  as  they  pleafe,  and 
chofe  another,  whom  and  when  they  fliall  think 
mort  proper  and  convenient ;  which  Liberty  being 
granted  them  (I  believe)  fome  few  would  be  con 
tent  rather  never  to  appoint  a  Minifter,  than  ever 
to  pay  his  Salary. 

Among  many  Inftances  of  thefe  Kinds  of  Re- 
fufals,  Ejeftments,  and  Elections,  I  fliall  only  in- 
ftance  that  of  the  ingenious  Mr.  Bagge,  who 
coming  to  England  for  Prieft's  Orders,  after  he 
had  been  Minifter  of  St.  Ann's  for  a  long  Time, 
was  refufed  by  them  upon  his  Return,  when  the 
Governor  fent  him  to  his  own  Parifli  again ;  where 
as  they  ftrenuoufly  flood  by  Mr.  Rainsford,  whom 
they  had  eleded  and  prefented  to  the  Governor. 
And  Mr.  Latan^  a  Gentleman  of  Learning  and 
Vertue,  and  well  beloved,  was  almoft  eje&ed, 
nay  was  fhut  out  of  his  Church,  only  upon  ac 
count  of  a  fmall  Difference  and  Difpute  with  fome 
of  his  Veftry.  The  main  Allegation  they  had  a- 
gainft  him  was  that  they  could  not  underftand 
him,  (he  having  a  fmall  Tang  of  the  French} 

tho' 


APPENDIX.        105 

tho'  they  had  been  hearing  him  I  think  upwards 
of  feven  Years,  without  any  Complaint  of  that 
kind  till  that  very  Time. 

Governor  Spot/wood,  to  his  great  Honour  be  it 
fpoken,  always  ftood  up  for  the  Right  of  Colla 
tion,  and  was  hearty  in  Vindication  of  the  Cler 
gy,  who,  as  he  profeffed  in  a  Speech  to  them,  cer 
tainly  had  not  only  his  Protection  but  alfo  his 
Affection;  fo  that  it  is  difficult  to  be  determined 
in  which  Relpect  he  chiefly  excelled,  either  in 
being  a  compleat  Gentleman,  a  polite  Scholar, 
a  good  Governor,  or  a  true  Churchman. 

I  fpeak  in  Behalf  of  the  Right  of  Prefenta- 
tions  belonging  to  the  Crown ;  becaufe  my  Rea- 
fon  tells  me  that  it  is  moil  equitable  and  moll:  con 
venient  for  the  Peace  and  good  Government,  and 
for  the  Security  of  the  Doctrine  and  Difcipline  of 
the  eftablifhed  Church  of  England. 

Many  Arguments  I  know  are  brought  againft 
it,  both  from  apparent  Reafon  and  Intered;  but 
all  thefe  might  eafily  be  confuted  by  this  follow 
ing  Remark. 

When  Churches  were  built  and  endowed,  as 
thefe  in  J'irginici,  by  the  Laity,  with  the  Leave 
of  the  Bifhop  or  Ordinary  in  antient  Times,  the 
Prefentations  to  fuch  Ecclefiaitical  Benefices  were 
often  granted  away  to  the  Families  that  founded 
fuch  Donations,  as  Rewards  and  Encouragements 
of  fuch  pious  Liberalities;  whereas  all  other  Pre 
ferments  were  inveited  in  the  Church:  This  I  take 
to  be  the  Origin  of  Lay-Prefentations,  when  Gen 
tlemen  referved  this  for  the  Benefit  of  fome  of 
their  Pollerity  or  Family,  who  might  receive  a 
Maintenance  from  their  Bounty ;  which  they  in 
Reafon  ought  to  do  preferable  to  any  others  who 
contributed  nothing  towards  it. 

But  though  the  Virginians  built  and  endowed 
their  Churches,  yet  I  never  could  find  that  they 

P  had 


io6        APPENDIX. 


had  made  any  fuch  Referve  ;  fo  that  the  Right  of 
Prefentation  mutt  belong  to  the  King  their  chief 
Ordinary,  who  never  granted  away  to  them  the 
Title  of  Donation,  but  kept  it  for  himfelf  and 
Heirs ;  fo  though  he  gives  them  Leave  to  make 
Parifhes  and  eftablifh  Salaries,  yet  he  ftill  imply'd 
an  Obligation  in  them  to  give  thofe  Livings  to 
whom  he  pleafes. 

This  I  take  to  be  the  Cafe,  and  hope  I  may 
be  excufed  for  delivering  my  Opinion  by  any  that 
may  entertain  different  Sentiments. 

Be  the  Right  inverted  in  which  it  will,  either 
in  the  Crown  or  in  the  Country,  I  am  certain 
that  it  ought  to  be  determined  one  way  or  other ; 
and  if  it  belongs  to  the  People,  yet  (liould  there 
be  fuch  Regulations  made  as  might  make  the  Li 
vings  certain,  and  the  Lives  of  the  Clergy  as 
peaceable  as  may  be. 

Were  the  Eftablifhment  for  the  Clergy  in  Vir 
ginia  a  little  more  plain  and  regular,  even  with 
out  any  additional  Augmentation  of  their  Sala 
ries,  I  am  fure  it  would  be  for  the  Good  of  the 
Clergy  there,  and  for  the  Encouragement  of  good 
and  ingenious  Men  to  go  over  and  fettle  there. 

Some  Parifhes  are  long  vacant  upon  Account 
of  the  badnefs  of  the  Tobacco,  which  gives 
Room  for  DnTenters,  efpecially  Quakers,  as  in 
Nanfemond  County ;  but  this  might  be  remedied, 
either  by  making  the  Payments  of  equal  Value  in 
the  other  Commodities  produced  there,  or  elfe  by 
a  (landing  Order,  which  Governor  Spotfaood  pro- 
pofed,  viz.  that  the  Parifhes  longeft  vacant  fhould 
be  in  their  due  Courfe  firft  fupplied ;  for  then  the 
good  and  bad  would  have  Minifters  alike  in  their 
Turns;  but  the  Minifters  muft  run  the  Riik  of 
their  Lot,  though  the  moft  deferving  fliould  have 
the  worft  Pariih,  and  the  moft  unworthy  be  beft 
preferred :  but  the  Value  of  the  Parillies  being  fo 

nearly 


APPENDIX.         107 

nearly  equivalent  to  each  other,  this  {mail  Difference 
might  eafily  be  made  up  to  good  Men  Ibme  other 
way ;  io  that  this  Method  may  not  be  impracti 
cable  nor  improper. 

Some  Pariihes  are  not  conveniently  divided ;  in 
fome  the  -Churches  are  not  commodioufly  placed, 
and  other  Parifhes  are  too  large,  others  too  imall ; 
but  thefe  and  the  like  Dilproportions  might  eafily 
be  remedied  by  the  general  Affemblies,  if  they 
unanimoufly  fet  about  fuch  Diviiions  without  be 
ing  iwayed  by  private  Intcreit ;  to  do  which  would 
tend  to  the  general  Good  of  the  Clergy  and  Lai 
ty  ;  but  Works  of  this  Nature,  where  great  Num 
bers  are  concerned,  are  not  effected  without  great 
Oppofition  and  Difficulty. 

The  Buildings  upon  the  Glebes  being  Timber 
foon  decay,  efpecially  upon  Vacancies;  but  thefe 
ihould  be  kept  in  due  Repair  continually  by  the 
\Viiry  :  Likewife  fhould  the  Dimenfions  and  Form 
of  the  Dwelling-Houies  and  Out-Houies  be  more 
particularly  determined,  and  made  fuch  as  might 
conveniently  and  handfomly  receive  the  Minilters 
and  their  Families ;  which  would  be  very  great 
Inducements  for  them  to  relinquilh  Engliiml  for 
the  Certainty  of  good  Livings,  good  Glebes, 
good  Accommodations,  and  a  kind  Reception. 
The  Expence  of  building  and  repairing  where 
moil:  of  the  Materials  are  only  an  Incumbrance, 
would  be  but  a  Trifle  to  a  Parilh  ;  whereas  'tis  a 
great  Expence  and  Trouble  to  a  Stranger  to  fit 
up  the  Apartments  that  he  finds,  which  are  gene 
rally  too  imall  and  often  very  ruinous.  Befides 
this  a  (mall  Stock  of  Hogs  and  Cattle  upon  the 
Glebes  would  be  of  excellent  Service  to  New 
comers,  till  they  can  be  better  furnillied;  they  be 
ing  obliged  to  leave  behind  them  the  fame  Number 
of  the  fame  Animals.  Some  Glebes,  as  that  at  'J  times 
Tk^//,  have  this  Convenience,  and  'tis  Pity  but 
P  2  more 


io8        APPENDIX. 

more  Parifhes  followed  fuch  Examples :  The 
prime  Cod  in  (locking  their  Glebes  by  Degrees 
would  be  infignificant ;  and  the  chief  Trouble 
would  be  for  the  Church-Wardens  to  receive  the 
Stock  from  the  Executors  of  one  Incumbent, 
and  deliver  them  again  when  there  comes  ano 
ther. 

Other  Difficulties  that  the  Clergy  meet  with 
there  are  the  Methods  of  Payment,  the  Laws  and 
Cuftoms  being  not  particular  enough  in  this  Re- 
fpeft ;  io  that  fometimes  Tobacco  cannot  be  got 
in  Time  convenient  for  the  Minifter,  or  is  not 
delivered  at  a  proper  Place  for  his  Intereft,  or  is 
not  at  all  good  of  its  Kind,  or  not  of  the  right 
Sort,  or  but  very  indifferent,  fuch  as  the  Re 
ceivers  might  have  refufed,  or  elfe  is  not  preffed 
hard  enough,  which  is  a  very  great  Detriment ; 
and  fometimes  they  will  make  the  Minifters  pay 
for  their  Calk,  or  for  collecting,  preffing,  rolling 
their  Tobacco,  and  making  it  heavy  and  conve 
nient,  and  that  at  an  extravagant  Rate ;  and  if  a 
Stranger,  fearful  of  being  impofed  upon,  takes 
the  Management  of  his  Tobacco  into  his  own 
Hands,  he  is  at  a  Lofs  how  to  order  it  aright, 
being  unacquainted  with  the  Nature  of  the  Com 
modity,  and  the  Cuftoms  of  the  Country;  and  if 
one  Difference  arifes,  it  frequently  begets  wider, 
though  about  thofe  Things  which  might  eanly 
be  fettled,  and  are  of  but  little  Value  in  refpeft 
of  their  Inconveniency ;  fo  that  the  beft  way  to 
get  fweet-fcented  Tobacco  has  been  declared  by 
fome  to  ufe  fweet-fcented  Words. 

Now  all  this  fhould  be  determined,  to  avoid 
future  Quarrels  of  this  kind,  which  too  frequent 
ly  proceed  from  fuch  Caufes,  by  fixing  the  Times, 
Places,  and  Manner  of  Payment ;  together  with 
a  Regulation  of  the  Allowances  for  collecting, 
prelTing,  and  making  Tobacco  heavy  and  conve 
nient  ; 


APPENDIX.        109 

nient;  with  an  Injundion  for  the  Payment  of 
none  but  good  and  vendible  Tobacco  for  paro 
chial  Dues.  Whether  the  Parifti  or  the  Minifter 
be  to  allow  the  Expence  thereof,  it  might  eafily 
be  determined ;  and  if  both  are  to  join  in  it,  this 
might  eafily  be  fettled,  by  which  Means  abun 
dance  of  Variance  would  be  prevented,  and  the 
Incomes  would  be  more  certain,  and  of  a  good 
deal  greater  Value  if  the  Pariih  did  deliver  good 
heavy  Tobacco  with  Calk  to  the  Minifter,  at 
Places  moil  fuitable  to  his  own  Conveniency, 
which  I  take  to  be  the  Intent  of  the  Law,  which 
was  made  for  the  good  Payment  of  the  Minifters. 
The  Charge  of  this  would  be  but  {"mail  to  a 
whole  Parith,  tho'  it  often  falls  heavy  upon  the 
Minifter,  efpecially  when  he  meets  with  (harp 
or  crois  People  ;  but  in  abundance  of  Parifhes  the 
Inhabitants  are  fo  good  that  they  never  make  any 
Difpute  about  thefe  Things,  efpecially  when  they 
like  their  Minifter;  for  that  he  may  have  any 
Favour  of  them  that  he  in  Realbn  may  denre. 

The  Payment  of  the  Surplus  Fees  alfo  wants 
a  Regulation ;  for  when  Tobacco  is  dear,  fome 
will  pay  them  in  Money,  but  when  cheap  they 
will  pay  Tobacco,  which  does  not  feem  equita 
ble  ;  fo  that  in  my  Opinion  thefe  Payments  fliould 
always  be  made  at  certain  appointed  Times  and  in 
proper  Methods,  either  in  one  or  the  other, 
and  not  left  to  the  Humor  or  Difcretion  of  the 
Debtor,  fince  fometimes  there  is  half  in  half  Dif 
ference. 

A  Settlement  of  thefe  Things  fliould  be  made, 
either  for  the  Advantage  of  the  Clergy  or  People, 
or  elfe  a  middle  Expedient  fliould  be  found  out ; 
fince  the  Confequences  of  Difputes  and  Variance 
between  Ministers  and  their  Congregations  are 
generally  very  pernicious  to  the  Welfare,  Happi- 
nefs,  and  Tranquility  of  both  Parties ;  wherefore 

Remedies 

16 


no        APPENDIX. 

Remedies  fliould  be  applied  in  Time,  efpecially 
in  fuch  Cafes  where  Delays  encreafe  the  Danger; 
when  ill  Cuitoms  in  Time  pleading  Prefcription 
are  eftablifhed  as  firm  as  Median  Laws,  and  pro 
pagate  fuch  ill  Habits  in  the  Conditution,  as  are 
mod  difficult  to  be  extirpated. 

As  for  the  Eftabliihment  of  Epifcopacy  in  Fir- 
ginia,  it  would  be  of  excellent  Service,  if  Cau 
tion  was  taken  not  to  tranfplant  with  it  the  cor 
rupt  Abufes  of  fpiritual  Courts,  which  the  Peo 
ple  dread  almoft  as  much  as  an  Inquifition ;  but 
thefe  their  Fears  would  foon  be  diffipated,  when 
by  bleffed  Experience  they  might  feel  the  happy 
Influence  of  that  holy  Order  among  them,  free 
from  the  terrible  Notions  that  Mifreprefentations 
of  regular  Church  Government  have  made  them 
conceive. 

I  have  often  heard  that  there  have  been  Inten 
tions  of  this  Kind ;  and  that  the  main  Obftacle 
was  the  Difficulty  of  rainng  a  Salary  fufficient  to 
fupport  the  Dignity,  and  recompenfe  the  Labours 
of  a  Bifhop.  But  this  Impediment  may  (I  pre- 
fume)  with  good  Contrivance  be  eafily  removed ; 
for  I  don't  at  all  queftion  that  the  fuperior  Clergy 
and  Collegians  in  the  Univerfities  would  refufe  to 
contribute  half  a  Crown  a  Year  for  this  glorious 
Undertaking,  or  that  the  Inferiors  would  join 
their  Shillings.  This  might  be  collefted  into  the 
Treafury  gratis,  by  the  Officers  of  the  Taxes,  and 
might  be  taken  off  in  a  few  Years,  when  upon 
Tryal  the  Ufefulnefs  of  a  Bifliop  upon  the  Con 
tinent  of  North  America  was  confirmed  by  Expe 
rience  ;  for  then  a  Maintenance  might  be  con 
trived  by  other  Means  very  eanly,  there  being 
fpare  Land  enough  to  be  appropriated  for  a  Ba 
rony.  And  one  Ikilled  in  Political  Arithmetick 
may  readily  compute  what  a  handfom  Income  this 
would  amount  to  with  Care  in  colleSing. 

A  large 


APPENDIX.        in 

A  large  Tract  of  Land  claimed  by  Virginia  and 
North  Carolina,  and  under  the  Government  of 
neither,  rightly  called  the  difputed  Bounds,  is  a 
kind  of  American  Mint,  whither  feveral  wicked 
and  profligate  Perfons  retire,  being  out  of  the 
certain  Jurifdiction  of  either  Government,  where 
they  may  purfue  any  immoral  or  vicious  Practices 
without  Cenfure  and  with  Impunity.  But  to  end 
Diiputes  about  it,  why  might  not  this  be  granted 
to  a  Biihop  ®{  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  ? 

The  Occafion  of  thefe  Diiputes  about  the 
Bounds  depends  upon  a  Miftake  or  Difference  in 
two  Grants,  one  fixing  the  Bounds  according  to 
a  certain  Latitude,  and  the  other  fpecifying  the 
Bounds  (as  I  take  it)  to  run  Weftward  from  Roon- 
oak  Inlet,  which  proves  in  a  Latitude  different 
from  that  before  mentioned;  fo  that  the  Lift  be 
tween  thefe  Parallels  of  Latitude,  which  is  about 
fifteen  Miles  broad,  and  indefinitely  long  is  dif- 
puted,  the  Governments  of  1'irginia  and  North 
Carolina  each  pretending  a  Right  to  it;  but  this 
might  eafily  be  fettled,  either  by  finding  out  the 
true  Meaning  of  the  Grants,  or  what  was  the 
Occafion  of  the  Error,  and  then  determining  the 
Bounds  from  thence  ;  or  if  this  (or  what  is  before- 
mentioned)  cannot  be  done,  the  Mathematical 
Profeffor,  or  fome  other,  fliould  be  imployed  to  fplit 
the  Difference  between  them,  rather  than  have  con 
tinual  Diiputes  between  the  two  Governments,  to 
the  great  Detriment  of  the  Religion  and  Trade 
of  both  of  them. 

No  regular  Church  Government  or  Salaries 
have  been  yet  made  for  the  Clergy  in  North  Caro 
lina  ;  but  to  bring  this  about,  Reprefentations 
fliould  be  made  to  the  Proprietors;  their  Di 
rections  obtained  to  the  Governor  and  Affembly 
there  for  their  Afliftance  for  this  Purpofe,  in 
Conjunction  with  the  Millions,  that,  by  proper 

Applica- 


ii2        APPENDIX. 

Applications,  I  prefume  may  be  continued  from 
the  Society,  efpecially  when  they  are  affured  that 
Meafures  will  be  taken  to  prevent  their  pious  En 
deavours  to  be  any  more  fruftrated  there ;  and  be- 
iides  this  I  don't  think  it  impradicable  for  them 
to  obtain  the  Impropriation  of  the  two  travelling 
Fellowfhips,  for  Clergymen  of  a  certain  College 
in  Oxford,  to  be  confined  to  their  Government 
for  fome  Years  ;  lince  at  prefent  they  have  fuch 
great  Neceffity  for  Chriftian  Help  of  this  Sort. 

Befides,  the  continual  Progrefs  of  fuch  a  Perfon 
as  the  Dean  before-mentioned  for  fome  Years, 
would  be  of  extraordinary  Service  in  the  prefent 
deplorable  Circumftances  of  the  Church  of  Chrift 
in  the  Government  of  North  Carolina. 


t&mmmmm 
SCHEME      III. 


Of  Art ^  Projefls,  Inventions,  and  Ma- 
nufaflures  in  Virginia. 

is  an  undoubted  Truth,  that  in  the 
Multitude  of  Inhabitants  conlifts  the 
Welfare,  Riches,  and  Power  of  any 
People ;  efpecially  when  all  center  in 
Obedience  to  the  fame  civil  Power,  and  unani- 
moufly  join  in  the  Encouragement  of  Trade,  and 
induftrioufly  unite  in  the  Improvement  of  their 
Manufactures ;  for  then  the  greater  Confumption 
will  be  made  of  fuch  Things  as  tend  to  the  publick 
Good,  and  the  grander  Figure  will  the  Com 
munity  make,  and  the  greater  will  be  the  Exports 
i  and 


APPENDIX.        113 

and  Imports  of  fuch  Commodities  as  tend  to  the 
Increaie  of  the  publick  Wealth,  and  private  Ad 
vantage  of  each  particular  Member  of  the  Socie 
ty- 

A  remarkable  Instance  of  this  we  have  in  the 

T>iit.ck,  whole  Riches  and  Grandeur  arofe  from  the 
Increaie  of  their  Inhabitants,  from  their  indurtri- 
ous  Improvement  of  Projects,  Inventions,  and 
Manufactures  at  Home  and  Abroad,  and  carrying 
on  the  greateit  Trade  with  indefatigable  Appli 
cation. 

For  thefe  Reafons  fliould  J^irginhi  be  better 
flocked  with  Inhabitants,  and  more  ufeful  Arts 
and  Projeds  be  promoted  there,  than  hitherto 
have  been.  Not  that  this  would  be  in  order  for 
the  publick  Good  of  rirginin  alone,  but  of  all 
the  Britijh  Empire  in  general ;  in  that  there  might 
be  imployed  all  the  idle  and  fuperfluous  Perfons, 
who  for  want  of  Employment  or  Avernon  to 
Bulinefs,  prove  as  dead  Members  of  the  whole 
Body;  or  elfe  by  Immorality  and  Villany  prove 
noxious  to  others,  deftruttive  to  themfelves,  and 
a  Scandal  to  Mankind. 

What  Shoals  of  Beggars  are  allowed  in  Grccit 
Britain  to  fuffer  their  Bodies  to  ruft  and  confume 
with  Lazinefs  and  Want  ?  And  befides  Strowlers 
what  Number  of  Poor  are  burdenfom  to  moil 
Pantiles?  How  do  our  Streets  and  Highways 
fwarm  with  Rogues,  and  how  are  we  over-itock- 
ed  (as  they  fay)  with  vail  Numbers  of  People  of 
all  Trades  and  Profeffions  ?  But  for  all  and  more 
than  thefe  might  Work  enough  be  found  in  our 
Plantations,  where  they  might  be  imployed  in  the 
Benefit  of  their  Country,  for  the  Advantage  both 
of  the  temporal  and  fpiritual  Concernments,  by 
being  kept  to  Bufinefs,  and  getting  Money  in  an 
honeft  Way. 

Q  ^ 


ii4         APPENDIX, 

It  is  a  monkifh  Opinion  too  prevalent  with 
many  ftill,  that  there  is  no  good  Living  without 
the  Bounds  of  their  own  Cloyfter.  And  Abun 
dance  of  Englijb  entertain  the  Chinefe  Notion, 
that  they  are  all  Fools  and  Beggars  that  live  in 
any  Country  but  theirs.  This  home  Fondnefs  has 
been  very  prejudicial  to  the  common  Sort  of  Eng- 
lijb,  and  has  in  a  great  Meafure  retarded  the  Plan 
tations  from  being  ftock'd  with  fuch  Inhabitants 
as  are  (kilful,  induftrious,  and  laborious. 

For  thefe  Reafons,  fuch  Perfons  of  Senfe  and 
Refolution  as  have  entered  into  Projefts  for  Im 
provements  in  the  Plantations  (who  have  evinced 
us,  that  all  Schemes  are  not  Bubbles)  have  been 
obliged  for  the  generality  to  make  Ufe  of  the 
worft  and  vileft  of  Mankind,  for  the  Execu 
tion  of  the  nobleft  and  moft  ufeful  Undertakings ; 
tho'  indeed  continually  feveral  People  of  Senfe, 
Vertue,  and  Fortune,  entertaining  tolerable  good 
Notions  of  thefe  Affairs,  have  embarked  them- 
ielves  and  Families  in  fuch  laudable  and  ufeful 
Defigns :  But  for  the  generality,  the  Servants  and 
inferior  Sort  of  People,  who  have  either  been 
fent  over  to  Virginia,  or  have  tranfported  them- 
felves  thither,  have  been,  and  are,  the  pooreft, 
idled,  and  worft  of  Mankind,  the  Refufe  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  the  Outcafl  of  the 
People. 

Thefe  Servants  are  but  an  inngnificant  Num 
ber,  when  compared  with  the  vaft  Shoals  of  Ne 
groes  who  are  imployed  as  Slaves  there  to  do  the 
hardeft  and  moil  Part  of  the  Work;  the  moft 
laborious  of  which  is  the  felling  of  Trees  and 
the  like,  to  which  kind  of  Slavery  (if  it  muft  be 
fo  called)  our  Wood-Cutters  in  England  are  ex- 
poled;  only  with  this  Difference,  that  the  Ne 
groes  eat  wholfomer  Bread  and  better  Pork  with 
more  Plenty  and  Eafe ;  and  when  they  are  Sick, 

their 


APPENDIX.        115 

their  Owners  Intereit  and  Purfe  are  deeply  en 
gaged  in  their  Recovery,  who  likewife  are  ob 
liged  to  take  all  the  Care  imaginable  of  the  Chil 
dren  of  their  Slaves  for  their  own  great  Profit; 
ib  that  the  Negroes,  though  they  work  moderately, 
yet  live  plentifully,  have  no  Families  to  provide 
for,  no  Danger  of  Beggary,  no  Care  for  the 
Morrow. 

But  to  me  it  feems  to  be  more  Prudence  and 
Charity  for  our  own  Poor  and  Vagabonds  to  be 
there  imployed  and  provided  for,  than  for  us  to 
maintain  and  ule  inch  great  Numbers  of  Africans. 
If  we  can  do  better  without  them  certainly  we 
ihould  forbear  importing  fo  many  (though  this 
may  interfere  writh  the  Intereit  of  fome),  fince  it 
would  advance  the  Good  of  the  Publick  ;  and 
that  we  may  be  without  them  is  plain,  fince  we 
have  Rogues  and  Idlers  enough  of  our  own  to 
do  the  fame  Work,  to  which  if  they  were  com 
pelled  by  mild  Methods,  it  would  eafe  the  Pub- 
lick  of  a  great  deal  of  Charge,  Trouble,  and 
Lois,  and  would  highly  tend  to  the  Advancement 
of  the  temporal  and  ipiritual  Happinefs  of  our 
Poor,  and  be  very  initrumental  in  the  Suppreflion 
of  Theft  and  Villany,  and  for  the  Reformation 
of  the  molt  Profligate.  Thoufands  of  poor,  ho- 
neft,  unfortunate  People  of  all  Trades  and  Occu 
pations  might  be  there  imployed  for  the  Support 
of  themfelves  and  Intereit  of  Trade,  that  can 
find  neither  Work  nor  Maintenance  for  them- 
ielves  and  Families  at  Home ;  and  iuch  as  had  ra 
ther  itroll  or  iteal  here,  might  be  confined  by 
mild  Force  to  moderate  Labour  there,  fufficient 
to  fupport  themfelves,  and  benefit  their  Im- 
ployers. 

The  Britifb  Trade  may  eafily  vend  their  Effects 
and  Manufactures ;  and  firginici,  with  the  neigh 
bouring  Plantations,  is  capacious  enough  for  their 
O  2  Reception, 


n6        APPENDIX. 

Reception,  plentiful  for  their  Maintenance,  and 
abound  with  moft  Conveniences  and  Materials 
for  moft  Kinds  of  Imployments;  where  feveral 
Things,  upon  Account  of  the  Goodnefs  of  the 
Climate,  and  Fertility  of  the  Country,  may  be 
produced  with  lefs  Labour  and  more  Plenty  than 
in  Great  Britain\  and  innumerable  Commodi 
ties  might  there  be  made  by  our  own  People, 
that  are  now  imported  at  extravagant  Prices,  and 
exceffive  Toil  and  Danger  from  other  Nations : 
Nay,  we  might  fupply  other  Nations  with  moft 
of  thofe  Things  which  we  now  fetch  from  A- 
broad ;  fo  that  though  our  Imports  might  decreafe 
a  little,  yet  would  our  Exports  be  abundantly  aug 
mented,  which  undoubtedly  would  tend  much 
more  to  the  Advantage  of  our  Country:  Even 
our  own  home  Confumption  in  moft  Refpects 
might  be  raifed  much  cheaper  and  better  in  the 
Plantations  than  here ;  efpecially  fuch  Things  as 
are  with  great  Toil  and  Colt  forc'd  (as  it  were) 
unnaturally  out  of  barren  Ground,  improper  Soil, 
or  a  difagreeable  Climate  ;  and  the  Land  and  Peo 
ple  in  fuch  Places  might  be  occupied  in  more  pro 
per  Bufinefs,  and  for  more  ufeful  Paffages. 

But  the  common  People  here  have  fuch  a  vain 
Fondnefs  for  their  own  Country,  and  fuch  defpi- 
cable  Notions  of  Virginia,  &c.  and  are  under 
fuch  dreadful  Apprehenfions  of  the  imaginary  Sla 
very  of  the  Plantations,  that  they  choofe  for  the 
moft  Part  rather  to  fteal,  beg,  or  ftarve,  than  go 
Abroad  to  work ;  and  in  the  mean  Time  the  Ma- 
giftrates  and  our  Laws  are  fo  mild  to  them,  that 
like  as  Pharaoh's  lean  Kine  devoured  the  fat  ones, 
they  grievoufly  opprefs  and  moleft  the  Rich  and 
the  Honeft. 

But  certainly  Means  might  be  invented  and 

praftifed    for    eaiing   our   Nations  of  thefe   Bur- 

i  dens, 


APPENDIX.         117 

dens,  for  promoting  our  Trade  and  Plantations 
by  their  Induitry;  and  not  for  the  Oppreffion 
(whatever  fome  may  imagine)  of  the  Poor  and 
Needy,  but  for  their  Maintenance  and  Felicity. 
And  I  believe  this  may  be  done  without  putting 
any  Stop  to  the  Importation  of  Negroes,  rather 
than  fail,  fince  they  might  be  kept  on  in  their 
prefent  Courie  of  Life  and  Bunnefs ;  only  they 
mult  raife  more  Sfuck  and  Grain  for  the  Support 
of  the  additional  Englijk,  who  iliould  itick  fole- 
ly  to  the  Arts  and  Employments  to  which  they 
were  bred,  or  in  which  they  are  molt  expert. 
Indeed  while  Tobacco  is  the  only  Staple  Com 
modity  of  any  Confequence  to  J'irghua,  the 
Country  may  be  eafily  over-itock'd  with  Negroes, 
becaule  the  Trade  can't  find  l-'cnt  for  near  all  the 
Tobacco  that  fo  many  Hands  will  make ;  fo  that 
the  Market  being  over-charged,  is  thus  ipoiled ; 
for  too  much  of  any  Commodity  is  as  bad,  if  not 
worie,  for  the  Planter,  the  Merchant,  and  the 
Publick,  than  too  little.  For  which  Reafon  the 
Honourable  the  Aflembly  of  1'irginia  has  from 
Time  to  Time  endeavoured  to  make  prudent  Pro- 
virion  againtt  raifing  too  much  Tobacco. 

For  this  Caufe  they  lately  had  a  Duty  of  5  /. 
a  Head  for  every  new  N eg  roc,  which  Law  in  a 
great  Meafure  is  now  revived;  and  though  this 
Addition  in  the  Price  of  a  Negroc  made  no  fenfi- 
ble  Decreafe  in  the  Number  imported ;  yet  it  did 
this  good,  viz.  it  brought  a  great  Sum  into  the 
Treaiury  of  the  Country,  which  they  have  ready 
to  difburfe  upon  any  noble  Occafion ;  fuch  as 
their  late  Donation  to  the  College,  to  //7/- 
liamfburgh,  and  their  additional  Reward  for  the 
Apprehenfion  of  Pyrates. 

Befides  their  Attempts  for  the  Prevention  of 
too  many  Negroes,  they  have  a  Law  againft  Se 
conds,  which  is  moil  ferviceable  in  confining  the 

Quantity 


n8        APPENDIX'. 

Quantity  of  Tobacco  to  its  proper  Bulk.  The 
Intent  of-  this  Law  is  to  prohibit  all  Perfons  from 
manufacturing  a  fecond  Crop  from  the  Leaves 
that  fprout  out  from  the  Stalk  after  the  firit 
Leaves  are  cut  off;  with  a  Penalty  upon  the  Of 
fender,  and  a  Reward  for  the  Informer. 

The  Tobacco  and  the  Negroe  Trades  might  be 
carried  on  after  the  prefent  Methods,  or  with  any 
fuch  Regulations  as  may  feem  more  proper  to  thofe 
concerned  in  thefe  Affairs ;  without  any  Hindrance 
to  Arts,  Handicrafts,  ufeful  Inventions  and  Culti 
vations  in  Virginia,  for  the  Intereft  and  prefent 
Trade  of  the  Plantations  and  Great  Britain  would 
not  interfere  with  fuch  Projects  ;  but  on  the 
contrary  they  would  highly  contribute  to  the  mu 
tual  Support  of  each  other,  with  prudent  Ma 
nagement  and  Care. 

The  main  Difficulty,  Trouble,  and  Expence 
will  chiefly  confift  in  lending  over  fuch  Perfons  as 
are  before-mentioned,  and  afterwards  in  finding 
them  Habitations,  Maintenance,  and  Work  when 
they  are  fettled  in  Virginia,  during  the  Term  of 
their  Service ;  and  after  they  are  free,  with  a 
Livelihood  and  Imployment  for  their  Pofterity. 

There  can  be  no  Injury  in  fuch  moderate  legal 
Compulfion  as  forces  People  to  be  honeft  and  in- 
duftrious,  though  it  be  contrary  to  their  Inclina 
tions  or  their  falfe  Notions,  which  ought  to  be 
fubjefted  to  the  publick  Good  and  Opinion  of 
the  Community;  and  retrained  and  directed  by 
the  civil  Power  to  purfue  fuch  Methods  as  the 
Legiflature  (hall  judge  moft  convenient  for  the 
united  Intereft  of  all  the  Society  or  Empire. 

Upon  this  Principle  it  will  be  efteemed  no 
Hardfhip  upon  our  unfortunate,  or  lazy,  poor, 
idle  Vagrants,  nor  profligate  Wretches,  if  the 
Government  obliged  them  to  be  tranfported,  and 
then  found  Work  and  a  plentiful  Support  for 

them 


APPENDIX.        119 

them  and  their  Families,  iince  this  would  tend  as 
well  to  their  private  as  the  publick  Good;  it 
would  employ  our  People  who  cannot  have  Work, 
or  that  will  not  voluntarily  labour;  it  would  fe- 
cure  our  Houfes  and  our  Pockets,  it  would  eaie 
our  Pariihes,  clear  our  Streets,  Doors,  and  Roads, 
and  mightily  encreale  our  Manufactures,  and  cul 
tivate  our  vail  Tracts  of  rich  Land  that  are  now 
but  Wilderneffes  over-run  with  large  Trees,  and 
inhabited  by  Deer,  Wild-Fowls,  &c. 

In  order  for  this  fome  inch  Laws  as  the  follow 
ing  might  iuffice.  As  firft,  Perfons  of  any  Im- 
ployment  that  can  produce  fufficient  Certificates 
of  their  Honeity,  and  that  after  due  Application 
they  cannot  get  Work,  or  that  they  have  been 
reduced  to  mean  Circumstances  by  Misfortunes, 
with  fuch  like,  ihould  be  lent  over  at  the  Ex- 
pence  of  the  Government,  which  Ihould  allo  al 
low  them  Land  and  Neceffaries  for  their  Settle 
ment;  in  Return  for  which  they  Ihould  do  inch 
moderate  Work  for  the  Benefit  of  the  Govern 
ment,  as  they  ill  all  be  ordered  for  the  half  of  fe- 
ven  Years,  to  be  thus  imployed,  -iv'r.  one  Day 
for  themfelves,  and  one  Day  for  the  Government; 
and  lo  on  by  Turns,  obferving  Si/nddv  as  a  Day 
of  Reit  and  Devotion.  And  after  the  Expiration 
of  thefe  feven  Years  they  ihould  be  free,  and  might 
work  Journey- Work,  or  for  themfelves,  and 
their  Land  and  Houfes  ihould  be  the  Inheritance 
of  them  and  their  Heirs  for  ever;  paying  a  fmall 
Rent  or  Fine  to  the  Government  for  it,  befides 
the  Quit-Rent,  out  of  which  Rent  and  the  Pro 
duce  of  their  every  other  Day's  Labour  might  be 
allowed  a  fufficient  Salary  for  Centurions  or  Per 
fons  to  infpect  into  and  direct  the  Work  and  Be 
haviour  of  thefe  Servants;  and  the  Overplus  cer 
tainly  would  not  only  pay  the  Money  at  firft  ad 
vanced, 


120        APPENDIX. 

vanced,  but  would  likewiie  in  a  few  Years 
bring  in  a  very  great  Income. 

But  if  the  Government  fliould  decline  under 
taking  this  in  general,  yet  might  particular  Com 
panies  take  up  Land  and  advance  Money  as  above 
fpecified,  which  would  in  all  Probability  in  a 
{mail  Time  tend  to  their  great  Profit ;  by  carry 
ing  on  to  the  beft  Advantage,  in  the  cheapeft  way, 
their  feveral  Manufactures  and  Arts,  imploying 
therein  fuch  unfortunate  poor  Perfons  as  are  ex 
pert  in  their  refpedive  Trades  or  Callings. 

How  many  honeft  ingenious  People  might  thus 
get  Work,  Maintenance,  and  even  Eitates  for 
themfelves  and  Families,  who  now  lie  obfcured 
in  Idlenefs,  and  almoft  devoured  by  Poverty? 

In  the  next  Place,  as  for  Vagrants  and  Beg 
gars,  fuppofe  that  all  fuch  Persons  that  are  taken 
wandering  above  five  Miles  from  their  own  Parifh 
(or  lefs  upon  Occafion)  without  a  Pqfs  from  the 
Minifter  and  Church-Wardens,  fpecifying  their 
Bufinefs,  with  Leave  for  a  certain  Time,  or  with 
out  being  able  to  give  a  good  Account  of  them 
felves  and  their  prefent  Imployment ;  iliould  be 
put  immediately  by  any  Houfe-Keeper  into  the 
Cuftody  of  a  Conftable,  who  fliould  be  obliged 
to  carry  them  before  the  next  Juftice  of  the 
Peace  to  be  examined,  and  committed  to  the  next 
Bridewell  or  Prifon,  there  to  work,  till  at  the  next 
Quarter-Seffions  they  be  ordered  for  Tranfporta- 
tion,  except  Infants,  aged  and  difabled  Perfons, 
who  fliould  be  fent  Home  to,  and  maintained  by 
their  own  Pariilies,  if  difcoverable,  or  elfe  at  the 
County  Charge.  Thefe  fliould  ferve  feven  Years 
for  their  Maintenance  without  Wages,  with 
fomewhat  lefs  Perquifites  and  Privileges  than  thofe 
above-mentioned  in  all  Refpefts,  both  during 
their  Service  and  afterwards ;  however  fufficient 

Provifion 


APPENDIX.         121 

Provifion  fhould  be  made  for  them,  though  not 
io  good  as  for  thof'e  others. 

In  this  Clafs  ihould  likewife  be  included  all 
petty  Criminals  and  Bridewell  Birds,  all  which 
ihould  be  tranfported  at  the  Expence  of  the 
County  to  which  they  belong,  as  alio  ihould  all 
Convicts  and  Felons;  and  in  rirghua  ihould  there 
be  appointed  proper  Perions  to  take  Care  of  them, 
manage,  and  employ  them,  who  ihould  have  Sa 
laries  for  their  Trouble,  paid  out  of  the  Returns 
made  by  the  Labour  of  the  Servants  under  their 
Care  ;  and  the  Overplus,  which  in  a  fin  all  Time 
might  prove  very  considerable,  Ihould  belong  to 
the  reipective  County  that  traniported  fuch  Ser 
vants,  by  which  Means  Funds  might  eaiily  be 
railed  in  every  County  or  Shire  to  defray  all  their 
publick  Expences  and  Charges,  from  the  Labour 
of  their  Rogues  and  Beggars,  without  any  Con 
tribution  or  Tax  of  honeit  and  induftrious  Peo 
ple.  But  to  prevent  Diforder  and  Miichief  a- 
mong  inch,  they  that  ihould  be  lent  over  for  lit 
tle  or  no  Faults  but  Idlenefs,  ihould  meet  with 
all  civil  Treatment  and  Encouragement,  when 
they  did  their  Endeavours,  but  undergo  the  Se 
verities  of  Eridciccll  for  their  Faults  or  great  Neg- 
lecl.  But  inch  notorious  Villains  as  are  lent  over 
in  Chains  for  Robbery  or  Murder,  6?r.  ihould  be 
kept  a-part,  and  in  Chains  ftill,  and  be  made  Ser 
vants  for  Life,  left  they  corrupt  the  reft,  or 
commit  greater  Robberies  or  Murders  than  ever 
they  did  before  ;  which  for  want  of  more  Care 
and  greater  Confinement  of  fuch  Rogues  too  fre 
quently  happen,  as  they  are  now  managed. 

However,  this  Rigour  might  be  occasionally 
abated,  when  any  appear  to  be  proper  Objects  of 
Mercy  and  Charity;  but  this  iliould  be  done  with 
the  Leave  of  the  Government  tkerc^  and  Care 
iliould  be  taken  of  them  both  as  to  their  Labour 

R  and 


122         APPENDIX. 

and  Provifion,  and  Security  fhould  be  contrived 
again!!  any  Danger  that  may  proceed  from 
thence. 

I  cannot  here  omit  mentioning  a  late  Defign 
of  feating  all  Convids  that  fhould  be  imported 
into  Virginia ^  in  a  County  by  themfelves,  under 
the  Care  of  proper  Overfeers,  who  fhould  con 
fine  them  from  doing  any  Hurt,  and  keep  them 
to  their  Labour,  by  fuch  Methods  as  are  ufed  in 
Bridewell. 

The  Land  intended  for  this  new  County  is  ve 
ry  good,  and  fit  to  produce  Hemp  and  Flax, 
which  they  were  there  folely  to  cultivate  and 
manufacture;  from  whence  the  County  was  de- 
ligned  to  be  called  Hempjbtre. 

Tho'  this  Projeft  was  never  put  in  Execution, 
yet  I  am  of  Opinion  that  fomething  of  this  Na 
ture  would  be  very  advantageous  in  fecuring  and 
employing  our  Felons,  and  for  our  better  Supply 
of  Cordage  in  our  Naval  Stores,  and  making  of 
Linen  of  all  Sorts. 

The  laft  Sort  of  Servants  that  I  fliould  be  for 
fending  over  to  Virginia  (befides  fuch  as  are  fent 
by  the  Methods  already  in  Ufe)  are  the  greateft 
Part  of  the  Pariih  Poor  all  over  England,  IVales, 
Scotland,  and  Ireland:,  fo  that  they  fliould  be  bur 
dened  with  none  but  fuch  as  are  very  old,  very 
young,  or  elfe  fickly  or  difabled,  which  would 
prove  a  very  grateful  Eafe  in  mod  Places,  where 
the  general  Complaint  is  the  vaft  Charge  of  a  nu 
merous  Poor ;  all  which  might  eafily  be  maintain 
ed  and  employed  in  Virginia,  in  proper  Trades, 
Inventions,  and  Projefts,  and  do  great  Good  to 
themfelves  and  the  Publick. 

Here  might  Work  be  cut  out  for  Thoufands 
that  now  pretend  to  want  Bufmefs;  and  many 
that  now  thro'  Lazinefs  decline  Endeavours  to 
fupport  themfelves  and  Families,  would  then  feek 

for 


APPENDIX.        123 

for  Employment,  and  let  to  work  in  Earned,  being 
frighteiVd  into  Induitry  and  Labour,  through  the 
dreadful  Appreheniion  of  being  lent  to  the  Plan 
tations  ;  for  luch  as  could  not  or  would  not  main 
tain  themfelves,  and  all  Girls  and  Boys  that  are  in 
no  likelihood  of  doing  this,  ihould  have  their 
Names  returned  to  the  Juttices  by  the  Church- 
Wardens  and  Overfeers,  at  the  Ouarter-Seffions, 
who  upon  Examination  Ihould  give  Orders  for 
their  Tranfportation  ;  then  would  the  Pariili  be 
eafecl,  and  might  eafily  have  honeit  and  laborious 
People  enough  to  do  their  Bufmefs  and  Work, 
without  the  Charge  of  Abundance  of  lazy  or 
poor  People. 

Theie  Ihould  be  lent  over  at  the  Expence  of 
the  Pariili,  and  their  Labour  would  loon  repay 
the  Coil:,  and  the  Overplus  might  be  applied  for 
the  Service  of  the  Parith  ;  fo  that  theie  would 
foon  maintain  the  reit  of  their  Poor,  and  bring  in 
good  Gain  to  themfelves  and  their  Parifhioners  in 
Time,  if  they  were  under  fome  inch  Reilrictions, 
and  had  iome  inch  Privileges  as  the  firtt  Sort  of 
unfortunate  People  here  mentioned. 

But  if  theie  Methods  of  Tranfportation  be 
thought  impracticable,  at  the  Expence,  and  for 
the  Benefit  of  the  Government,  the  Counties, 
and  the  Pariilies,  yet  might  other  Contrivances  be 
found  to  t  rani  port  the  People  above  fpecified,  be- 
fides  the  Methods  now  practiied  by  iome  to  tran- 
fport  themfelves,  and  by  Mr.  Forward  and  iome 
Merchants  for  fending  over  continually  all  forts  of 
Servants;  but  the  prefent  Number  is  but  a  Trifle 
in  reiped  of  what  might  be  lent  over,  were  Laws 
made  for  the  better  Encouragement  thereof,  and 
due  Regulations  made  for  the  Employment  and 
Provifion  of  iuch  great  Numbers  as  might  yearly 
be  lent  over.  For  when  they  are  there  they  need 
not  be  employed  about  Tobacco  and  Corn,  as 
R  2  they 


124        APPENDIX. 

they  generally  are,  for  that  might  be  compleatly 
managed  by  the  Negroes ;  but  they  fhould  carry 
on  other  Inventions,  Trades,  and  Arts,  and  be 
confined  to  follow  their  own  refpeftive  Callings 
and  Occupations  wherein  they  are  moft  artful; 
and  when  their  Time  is  ferved,  better  Care  might 
be  taken  of  them,  ,and  fuch  Provifion  and  Privi 
leges  allowed  them,  that  they  fhould  be  obliged 
to  labour  and  get  plentifully  their  own  Living  in 
an  honeft  Way. 

Now  when  I  come  to  find  Employment  for  all 
thefe  People,  what  a  vaft  Field  is  prefented  to 
View  for  their  Labour  ?  Nine  and  Twenty  large 
and  fertile  Counties,  for  the  moft  Part  thinly  in 
habited,  with  Plenty  of  all  Sorts  of  the  beft  Pro- 
vifions  and  Materials.  Moft  if  not  all  Sorts  of 
Englijb  Hufbandry,  I  know  experimentally,  may 
be  carried  on  there  with  much  lefs  Labour,  and 
far  greater  Encreafe  than  in  England:  For  Inftance, 
it  is  common  only  by  howing  up  the  Ground, 
and  throwing  Seed  upon  it,  and  harrowing  it  in, 
to  reap  from  fixty  to  eighty  Bulhels  for  one  of 
Englijh  Wheat,  of  a  large  full  Grain  with  a  thin 
Rind ;  and  I  have  had  two  Tuns  off  an  Acre  of 
Clover,  which  we  may  mow  twice ;  and  as  for 
Barley's  being  burnt  up  with  dry  hot  Weather, 
it  often  has  the  fame  fate  in  feveral  Parts  of  Eng 
land;  befides  more  Experience  and  Obfervation 
of  the  Seafons,  will  make  People  more  expert  in 
the  Management  of  that,  and  all  other  Sorts  of 
Grain,  or  Seeds,  and  Grafs,  that  they  have  not 
there  brought  yet  to  the  greateft  Perfection.  Se 
veral  Englijb  Farmers  have  indeed  been  baulked 
of  their  Expectation,  in  Attempts  of  carrying  on 
their  Art  to  great  Advantage  in  Virginia  ;  but  this 
in  a  great  Meaiure  I  attribute  to  their  want  of 
Judgment,  and  too  drift  Obfervance  of  the  Eng 
lijb  Cuftoms  and  Times,  without  making  proper 
i  Allowance 


APPENDIX.        125 

Allowance  for  the  Difference  of  Soil,  Seafons, 
and  Climates ;  befides  the  vait  Expence  and  Trou 
ble,  and  the  long  Time  required  in  clearing  the 
Ground  for  their  Purpofe,  in  building  of  Barns, 
Farm-Houfes,  &c.  fo  that  frequently  by  that  Time 
that  they  have  brought  their  Purpofes  to  Perfec 
tion,  their  Patience  begins  to  be  tired,  and  their 
Purfes  are  pretty  well  emptied;  fo  that  at  lail 
they  run  into  the  rapid  Current  of  planting  To 
bacco,  which  they  know  will  bring  them  in  cer 
tain  Gain  with  but  little  Expence. 

Now  for  the  Conveniency  of  Hufbandry,  I 
know  a  certain  Gentleman,  who  employs  a  great 
Number  of  Negroes  in  clearing  Plantations,  and 
planting  Corn  and  Tobacco,  as  ufual,  with  this 
Intention,  tv~.  When  thefe  Negroes  (hall  have 
cleared  the  Land,  planted  Hedges,  and  built  Barns 
and  Farm-Houfes  gradually  in  a  few  Years,  with 
out  any  Hindrance  to  their  Crops,  then  he  pro- 
pofed  to  let  thefe  Farms  with  a  Stock  of  Cattle, 
&5V.  ready  upon  them  for  a  fmall  Rent  and  Fines, 
to  fuch  poor,  honeft,  ikilful  Farmers,  as  he  can 
procure  to  come  and  take  them,  either  upon  long 
Leafe  or  for  Lives;  and  remove  his  Negroes  upon 
frelh  Land  to  prepare  more  Farms.  'Tis  Pity  but 
this  Project  was  frequently  praftifed,  for  thereby 
good  Eftates  might  be  raifed  in  Families ;  many  an 
unfortunate  Family  might  retrieve  their  bad  Cir- 
cumttances,  and  find  Employment  and  great  Be 
nefit  ;  and  all  this  carried  on  with  the  fame  Op 
portunity  of  Profit  from  Tobacco,  as  other  Gentle 
men  Planters  have ;  nay  better,  in  that  the  Rcimls 
would  be  1H11  tending  frefh  Ground. 

As  for  Liquors,  they  might  make  as  good  Malt- 
Drink,  and  as  cheap  there  as  any  where  elfe ;  and 
for  Cyder  I  think  it  furpaffes  even  Herefordjbfre  it 
felf,  for  Plenty  and  Fairnefs  of  Fruit,  the  Trees 
thriving  and  producing  wonderfully,  yielding 

a  itrong 


126        A  PPE  ND  fJC. 

a  ftrong  and  good  tafted  Cyder,  when  well  made 
and  managed,  efpecially  if  kept  in  good  Vaults. 
From  Peaches  is  diftilled  an  excellent  Spirit  in  ve 
ry  great  Plenty,  very  difficult  to  be  diftinguifhed 
(when  well  made)  from  Citron  Water.  This  they 
call  Perjico,  which  with  many  other  Spirits 
might  be  made  there  to  turn  to  a  very  good  Ac 
count,  and  produced  in  great  Quantities  from 
their  numerous  large  Orchards  of  Apples  and 
Peaches.  Hogs,  horned  Cattle,  and  Sheep  thrive 
and  encreafe  there  mightily ;  and  Salt  and  Calks 
being  very  cheap,  vaft  Advantage  might  be  made 
more  than  is,  by  railing  of  great  Stocks,  and 
falting  up  Beef  and  Pork  for  victualling  of  Ships, 
and  fupplying  the  Weft-Indies  and  other  Places 
with  Proviiions,  which  they  might  afford  to  do 
very  cheap,  did  fome  of  the  additional  Part  of 
the  Servants  before-mentioned  make  it  their  Bu- 
finefs  to  tend  Flocks  and  Herds,  and  provide  bet 
ter  and  more  Food  for  them  in  the  Winter,  than 
what  they  now  ufually  have.  As  for  the  Advan 
tage  of  Woollen  Manufactures,  that  is  fo  well 
known,  that  I  lhall  fay  nothing  in  that  Refpeft, 
only  that  there  is  in  Virginia  as  good  Wool  as  the 
fineft  in  England',  and  I  doubt  not  but  with  good 
Management  the  Climate  will  produce  as  fine  as 
any  in  Spain,  fince  the  Sheep  in  both  Places  are 
of  Eritijh  Original ;  and  in  my  Opinion  it  would 
be  a  great  Advantage  (inftead  of  Detriment)  to 
have  fine  Wool  enough  of  our  own  to  work  up, 
without  being  beholden  to  Spain  for  it;  efpeci 
ally  if  we  confider  that  it  might  either  be  fent 
Home  to  be  wrought  in  Britain,  or  elle  we  might 
fend  over  Numbers  of  our  fuperfluous  Cloth- 
workers  to  make  it  up  there  into  the  fame  Sorts 
of  Goods,  as  they  make  in  England,  which  would 
be  much  the  cheapeft  way  ;  and  then  theie 
Goods  (hould  be  imported  to  the  Clothiers  here, 

who 


APPENDIX.        127 

who  undoubtedly  would  have  Call  enough  for 
what  they  can  make  in  Virginia  and  at  Home ; 
for  if  they  fee  Occafion  they  need  not  encreafe 
the  Quantity,  but  only  make  Ufe  of  Plantation 
Wool  raifed  by  Britons,  inftead  of  Spanijb  IVool^ 
and  the  Decreafe  of  our  Exports  to  Spain  might 
fufficiently  be  balanced  (if  not  upon  Account  of 
employing  Numbers  of  our  own  People,  yet)  by 
many  other  Ways.  Neither  can  I  fee  any  Harm 
in  it,  if  the  carrying  on  Woollen  Manufactures 
in  Virginia  by  Englijb  People  that  want  Employ 
ment,  the  Quantity  of  Woollen  Goods  were 
thereby  encreafed ;  efpecially  fuch  as  are  for  Home 
Confumption,  and  the  Ufe  of  the  Plantations ; 
for  then  Rich  and  Poor  would  have  their  Cloths 
much  cheaper ;  and  if  the  Draper  gained  lefs  by 
his  Countrymen,  it  might  be  contrived  that  he 
ihould  gain  more  by  Strangers  abroad  in  other 
Parts  of  the  World. 

More  might  be  faid  as  to  the  Manufactures  of 
Hemp  and  Flax,  than  what  I  have  mentioned  of 
Wool,  becaufe  we  are  in  a  great  Meafure  obliged 
for  thefe  to  foreign  Nations,  who  in  Cafe  of  War 
might  pinch  us  prodigiouily  more  than  they  do ; 
more  particularly  to  the  great  Expence  and  In- 
conveniency  of  our  Shipping,  the  Glory  and  Bul 
wark  of  the  Britijh  Nations.  Here  we  have  e- 
nough  of  good  Land  lying  wafte ;  and  at  Home 
we  have  People  lying  idle  fufficient  to  fupply  us 
from  Virginia,  with  Ropes,  Cables,  and  Canvas 
for  our  Ships  of  War  and  Merchandize,  with 
Linens  for  wearing  and  for  houftiold  Ufe,  were 
Projefts  fet  on  Foot,  and  rightly  carried  on  for  fo 
ufeful  and  advantageous  Undertakings. 

Befides  this,  there  is  Pitch  and  Tar  enough, 
which  with  careful  Management  might  be  made 
as  good,  and  afforded  as  cheap,  or  cheaper,  than 
any  from  other  Places. 

Then 


128        APPENDIX. 

Then  as  for  Oak  no  Country  has  finer  nor 
more  Plenty ;  which  though  it  will  not  laft  long 
enough  for  Houfes,  yet  it  will  for  Shipping: 
Witnefs  the  New  England  Ships  built  of  the  fame 
Sort  of  Wood ;  and  as  for  Deal  Planks  here  may 
be  as  good  as  any ;  and  I  queition  if  Gottenburgh, 
or  any  other  Part  of  Europe  can  afford  us  better 
Pines  for  Mafts  and  Yards  (efpecially  for  Mer 
chants  Ufe)  than  what  grow  in  Virginia  in  feve- 
ral  Places  in  very  great  Plenty;  fo  that  many  Ships 
might  be  built  there,  which  would  employ  Num 
bers  of  Shipwrights  from  Great  Britain,  and 
would  ftand  the  Merchants  in  a  great  deal  lefs 
Expence,  than  if  they  were  built  at  Home  : 
Nay,  we  might  even  build  Ships  for  feveral  other 
Nations,  and  make  them  turn  to  a  very  good  Ac 
count,  without  any  Rilk  of  doing  Damage  to 
our  publick  Safety  or  Intereft. 

As  for  Wine,  in  all  Parts  of  the  Country  Grapes 
grow  wild  and  thrive  extreamly,  but  at  prefent 
they  are  almoft  only  Food  for  the  Birds ;  few  At 
tempts  having  been  made  for  the  Cultivation  of 
them  and  making  Wines,  except  that  of  Colonel 
Robert  Beverley,  which  was  thus  :  He  having 
•read,  feen,  ftudied,  and  enquired  much  concern 
ing  the  Nature  of  Vintages,  reduced  his  Know 
ledge  to  Pradice  for  his  better  Experience  and 
Certainty,  in  planting  a  fmall  Vineyard ;  and  ha 
ving  great  Profped  that  this  would  anfwer  his 
Purpole,  he  bragged  much  of  it  in  Publick ;  but 
being  bantered  by  feveral  Gentlemen,  he  propofed 
to  give  each  of  them  a  Guinea  down,  if  they 
would  give  him  Ten,  if  he  made  a  certain  Num 
ber  of  Gallons  of  pure  Wine  that  Vintage ;  they 
accepted  the  Propofals,  and  he  diftributed  (I  think) 
one  hundred  Guineas,  made  the  Wine  according 
to  the  Terms  agreed  upon,  and  won  his  Wager ; 
which  Money  he  afterwards  employed  in  plant 
ing 


APPEND  I JC.        129 

ing  more  and  greater  Vineyards,  from  which  he 
made  good  Quantities  of  Wine,  and  would  have 
brought  it  to  very  high  Perfection,  had  he  lived 
fome  Years  longer. 

His  whole  Family,  even  his  Negroes  drank 
fcarce  any  thing  but  the  fmall  Wines,  and  the 
Strong  is  of  a  good  Body  and  Flavour;  the  Red 
that  I  have  often  drank  to  me  it  feems  to  have  the 
Tatte  of  Chirct  and  the  Strength  of  Red  Port. 
Not  only  red  Grapes,  but  alfo  white  ones  of  all 
Sorts  from  Europe  produce  and  grow  there  to  Ad 
miration  ;  an  Inttance  of  which  may  be  ieen  at 
Colonel  ir-illitim  Robinforfs  upon  Rafpahannock 
River,  who  has  planted  out  Abundance  ;  and  I 
don't  quettion  but  he  and  other  Gentlemen  there 
will  follow  Mr.  Be-cer/ey's  Pattern  ;  which  if 
brought  to  Perfection  might  tend  to  an  extraor 
dinary  good  Account,  and  not  only  prove  profi 
table  to  the  Planter,  but  alfo  advantageous  to 
Brihu'ii)  even  if  we  could  but  make  fmall  Quan 
tities  of  Wine  there ;  but  much  more  beneficial 
would  it  be  if  there  could  be  made  Abundance, 
as  in  all  Probability  there  might  be,  fince  the 
Climate  and  the  Soil  feem  fo  extreamly  well  adap 
ted  for  that  Purpofe  ;  efpecially  up  towards  the 
Hills  and  Mountains,  which  at  prefent  lye  watte. 
Would  it  not  be  very  advantageous  to  our  Na 
tions  if  we  could  not  only  raife  much  Wine  for 
our  own  Ufe,  but  alfo  fell  great  Quantities  to  our 
Neighbours  ?  And  I  know  of  but  two  trifling 
Obltacles  in  the  way;  the  one  is,  that  the  Clutters 
of  Grapes  rarely  ripen  together,  which  might  be 
remedied  by  picking  them  at  different  Times; 
the  other  is,  that  the  Birds  devour  Abundance  ; 
but  this  might  be  prevented  by  Nets,  Guns, 
Pr/apt/s,  and  feveral  other  Contrivances.  This 
would  employ  great  Numbers  of  People,  has  up- 

S  on 


130        APPENDIX. 

on  Trial  been  proved  to  anfwer  Expectation,  and 
might  bring  vaft  Profit  to  the  Planter,  to  the 
Merchant,  and  to  the  Crown. 

To  encourage  this,  I  know  fome  that  intend 
to  let  Land  for  a  fmall  Acknowledgment  in  Wine. 
Much  the  fame  might  be  faid  of  Silk,  which  long 
ago  has  been  made  there,  and  is  known  by  Expe 
rience  to  anfwer  the  Expectation  of  the  Silk  Men. 
For  Mulberries  of  all  Sorts  thrive  there  to  Admi 
ration,  and  the  Heat  of  the  Summer  has  been 
found  to  agree  with  the  Nature  of  the  Si  Ik- Worm 
extreamly  well;  fo  that  the  only  Reafon  that  I 
know,  why  the  Gentlemen  formerly  concerned 
in  making  of  Silk  in  Virginia  drop'd  their  Pro 
ceedings,  was  the  great  Profit  that  Tobacco 
brought  them  in  in  thofe  Days ;  which  being 
raifed  there  only^  turned  then  to  an  extraordinary 
Advantage,  much  better  than  any  other  Projeft ; 
but  now  when  fo  much  Tobacco  is  made,  and  the 
Gain  fo  much  lefs  than  formerly,  I  can't  imagine 
why  the  Silk  Trade  is  not  there  revived;  which 
I  am  very  pofitive  would  turn  to  a  very  great  Ac 
count,  if  carried  on  by  good  Managers.  To  this 
Nature  feems  to  invite  us ;  for  upon  the  Leaves 
of  the  Chinckapin  (which  feem  fomewhat  like 
Mulberry  Leaves)  I  have  frequently  found  a  very 
large  Worm  not  much  unlike  the  Silk- Worm, 
only  much  bigger. 

If  the  Manufacture  of  Silk  was  carried  on  in 
Pirgittiai  every  Body  knows  what  Profit  it  muft 
bring  to  make  Silk  of  the  Produce  of  our  own 
Dominions,  in  great  Plenty,  and  at  cheaper  Rates 
than  we  can  have  it  from  Afia. 

Befides,  we  may  obferve  that  the  great  Num 
bers  of  People  employed  in  this  Manufacture,  for 
the  moft  Part,  might  be  the  young,  the  aged, 

and 


APPENDIX.        131 

and  the  difabled,  who  could  not  work  at  any  thing 
that  required  hard  Labour  or  much  Stirring. 

As  for  Hops,  England  might  fave  a  great  deal 
of  Trouble  and  Expence,  and  employ  their  Peo 
ple  in  better  Bufinefs  than  Hop-Yards,  if  Hop- 
Grounds  were  cultivated  in  Virginia^  which  is 
much  fitter  for  the  Purpofe. 

As  for  phylical  Plants  and  Trees,  abundance  of 
Poor  might  be  employed  in  fimpling  and  colleding 
Drugs  for  the  Apothecaries  Service,  which  abound 
there ;  fuch  as  Saffafras,  Saxafras,  Snakeroot,  with 
numberlefs  more,  whofe  Virtue  is  unknown ; 
and  undoubtedly  among  fuch  various  Sorts  of  a- 
nonymous  Plants  and  Shrubs,  there  mull  be  many 
whofe  Qualities  are  itrange  to  the  moil  fkilful 
Europeans,  tho'  many  of  them  be  underftood  by 
the  Indian  Doftors:  If  it  be  not  the  true  Cortex, 
yet  they  have  a  Bark  very  like  it  in  Colour,  Talte, 
and  Operation. 

I  know  that  Abundance  of  Sumack  is  yearly 
confumed  in  England',  but  not  being  perfed  in 
the  Ufe  and  Nature  of  it,  I  (hall  only  fay  that  it 
grows  there  in  great  Plenty;  and  that  the  Indians 
have  feveral  fine  Colours  both  for  Dying  and 
Painting,  that  we  know  nothing  of,  as  to  their 
Compofition  and  Ufe ;  but  Enquiry  into  thefe 
Things,  and  Experience  might,  for  what  any 
knows,  in  a  fmall  Time  turn  to  a  good  Account, 
both  for  the  publick  Advantage,  and  for  the  In- 
terelt  of  particular  Perfons. 

I  fhall  fay  little  of  Sawing-Mills,  fince  they 
are  already  in  Ufe  there,  and  the  great  Benefit  of 
them  is  fo  well  known.  Certainly  it  mult  be  im 
proper  to  bellow  much  Labour  and  Expence  up 
on  that  which  might  eafily  be  done  for  a  fmall 
Cod,  and  with  much  quicker  Expedition ;  yet  is 
this  wonderful  and  ufeful  Invention  prohibited  in 

S  2  fome 


132        APPENDIX. 

fome  Parts  of  Great  Britain,  upon  Account  of  a 
few  that  pretend  they  can't  get  their  Livelihood 
by  any  other,  but  the  itupid  flavifh  Work  of 
Sawing:  But  in  my  Opinion  we  might  as  well 
prohibit  the  Ufe  of  Boats  in  all  our  Rivers,  be- 
caufe  it  interferes  with  the  Intereft  of  the  Car 
riers,  and  hinders  the  Confumption  of  great 
Quantities  of  Hay  and  Oats  in  the  Inns.  I  won 
der  that  they  don't  negled  the  Ufe  of  Horfes, 
Jacks,  Handfpikes,  and  Cranes  in  his  Majeity's 
Yards,  as  well  as  Sawing-Mills ;  lince  each  of 
them  abbreviates  Labour  and  leffens  the  Expence, 
requiring  fewer  People  than  muft  be  employed, 
were  it  not  for  thofe  Inventions,  fo  much  hated 
by  the  common  People;  but  certainly  thefe  might 
be  fo  employed  in  other  Bunnefs,  fo  as  to  get 
more  Money  with  lefs  Labour.  But  to  return  to 
Virginia,  I  am  certain  that  if  more  Sawing-Mills 
were  fet  up  there,  it  would  bring  great  Profit  to 
the  Owners,  employ  many  People  there,  and 
make  Timber  for  Ships  and  Houfes  come  at  a 
much  cheaper  Rate  in  England,  than  it  now  does, 
without  any  Lofs  to  the  Englijh  landed  Gentle 
men  or  Timber  Merchants. 

Paper-Mills  I  believe  would  anfwer  well  there ; 
for  there  are  good  Runs  of  Water  with  Timber 
for  nothing  for  building  them,  and  I  am  fure  the  Ne 
groes  would  fupply  them  with  Rags  enough  for 
Trifles ;  to  which  add  the  Advantage  of  Water 
Carriage ;  thefe  need  not  interfere  with  the  En- 
glijh  Paper-Mills,  but  only  fupply  us  with  fuch  Quan 
tities  of  Paper,  as  we  buy  from  foreign  Countries. 

As  for  carrying  on  the  Fifhing  Trade  in  Virgi* 
nia,  though  there  be  Plenty  of  Fifli  there,  yet  I 
believe  other  Countries  where  Fiflieries  are  efta- 
bliili'd,  and  that  have  little  elfe  to  mind  and  de 
pend  upon,  would  outdo  it  in  this  Refped ;  on- 

ly 


APPENDIX.        133 

ly  more  Whales  might  be  taken  upon  the  Eaftern 
Shore,  and  bring  good  Gain  to  fuch  People  as 
would  make  it  their  Bufinefs ;  and  I  don't  queition 
but  the  Sturgeons  (with  the  beit  of  which  the 
Rivers  abound)  might  with  good  Management 
and  Induilry  be  made  to  furpafs  all  others,  both 
for  Cheapnefs  and  Goodnefs,  for  they  are  large, 
fine,  and  eafily  taken ;  nay,  they  frequently  leap, 
fome  afhoar  and  fome  in  Boats,  as  I  have  been 
very  credibly  informed. 

Upon  the  Rivers  and  Creeks  are  vaft  large 
Marihes,  which  being  drained  and  fecured  with 
mud  Walls,  would  employ  abundance  of  People, 
and  might  be  converted  into  as  good  Meadows 
and  as  large,  as  thofe  upon  the  'Thames  about  and 
below  London.  Such  Meadows  are  much  wanting 
there,  and  would  well  recompence  the  Colt  and 
Trouble  of  the  Undertakers  of  fuch  noble  Pro- 
jefts;  befides  this  would  confine  the  Rivers  to 
their  proper  Channels  ;  whereas  now  they  cover 
for  Miles  from  each  Shoar  large  Quantities  of  flat 
and  llioaly  Ground,  ufelefs  and  incommodious. 
However  impracticable  or  difficult  this  Talk  may 
appear  to  fome,  yet  I  doubt  not  but  in  Procefs  of 
Time  it  may  be  effefted. 

The  upper  Parts  of  J'irginia  are  deprived  of 
the  Advantage  of  Water  Carriage,  becaufe  the 
Rivers  above  the  Falls  are  generally  full  of  Trees 
brought  down  by  Land  Floods,  with  fome  Rocks 
bore  and  there ;  but  they  might  be  made  naviga 
ble,  and  cleared  very  eafily  with  fmall  fkilful  La 
bour,  for  they  are  generally  broad  and  fuller  of 
Water  than  our  inland  Rivers  where  Boats  and 
Barges  of  great  Burden  can  pafs ;  and  Wears  might 
be  occafionally  made  there  as  up  the  Thames ;  but 
the  main  Difficulty  would  be  at  the  Falls  or  Ca 
taracts,  where  the  Water  falls  over  vail  Rocks 

with 


i34         APPENDIX. 

with  an  hideous  Noife  and  great  Force;  Hither 
Sloops  can  come,  where  the  Goods  might  be 
landed  with  Cranes,  and  then  put  on  Board  the 
Boats  before  the  Falls ;  and  by  the  like  Methods 
might  Goods  be  fent  down.  But  in  Time  it  may 
be  worth  while  to  turn  Part  of  the  Rivers,  and 
make  Locks  one  above  another,  whereby  Sloops 
might  eafily  be  let  down  or  taken  up,  and  fo  pafs 
the  Falls ;  like  as  the  large  Boats  of  Pleafure  and 
Burden  are  carried  with  Profit  and  Eafe  thro'  Val- 
lies  and  over  Hills  quite  a-crofs  France,  in  the 
wonderful  Canal  of  Languedoc,  which  was  con 
trived  by  the  late  King,  in  order  to  make  a  Com 
munication  from  our  Seas,  to  the  Mediterranean 
through  the  Heart  (almoft)  of  his  Kingdom; 
which  Adion  has  added  to  his  Glory  as  well  as 
Profit,  and  brings  in  a  great  Income  both  to  the 
Crown  and  to  the  Undertaker  of  this  moil  won 
derful  Work.  If  in  England  we  will  not  follow 
this  Example  by  making  a  Communication  from 
the  head  Branches  of  the  Thames  into  the  Severn^ 
which  is  very  practicable,  the  Diftance  being  but 
a  few  Miles ;  yet  I  queilion  not  but  in  a  few  Years 
they  will  be  obliged  to  imitate  the  Locks  of  Lan 
guedoc  at  the  Falls  in  Virginia. 

In  the  Rocks  up  James  River,  and  in  other 
Places  is  found  a  Stone  refembling  a  Diamond, 
much  nearer  than  any  Cryftal  or  Briftol-Stone, 
being  very  hard  and  ornamental. 

There  has  been  formerly  difcovered  a  Sand 
taken  for  Gold  Duft;  and  towards  the  Moun 
tains  are  variety  of  Stones,  fome  feerning  to  con 
tain  feveral  Kinds  of  Metals,  and  others  are  good 
for  Building;  among  which  is  the  Appearance  of 
Abundance  of  excellent  Marble  of  feveral  Sorts. 
Upon  the  River  Sides  is  call  up  by  the  Tides  a- 
bundance  of  black  heavy  Sand  refembling  Smith's 

Filings ; 


APPENDIX.         135 

Filings;  but  the  Nature  and  Vertue  of  this  is 
unknown  as  yet :  I  believe  it  is  wathed  from  fome 
Veins  of  Mines  at  the  Bottoms  of  the  Rivers,  or 
is  carried  down  by  the  Current,  as  Gold  Dull  in 
Africa,  from  the  upper  Parts  of  the  Rivers,  and 
from  the  Rocks  and  Mountains. 

In  feveral  Places  is  Coal  enough  near  the  Sur 
face  of  the  Earth ;  and  undoubtedly  in  Time  they 
will  either  have  Occafion  or  Vent  for  it,  to  fup- 
ply  other  Places,  if  they  will  not  ufe  it  them- 
felves ;  but  if  Coal  Works  were  there  carried  on 
to  Advantage,  Newcaftle  may  witnefs,  what  Num 
bers  of  Ships  and  People  are  employed  in  fuch 
Affairs,  and  what  vaft  Profit  accrues  from 
thence. 

If  our  Iron  Works  in  Virginia  meet  with  any 
tolerable  Encouragement,  we  (hall  have  no  Need 
to  apply  to  Spa  hi  and  Sweden  for  Iron,  for  we 
have  there  enough  to  (lock  all  Europe ;  and  as  I 
have  been  informed  it  furpafles  all  other  Iron  in 
Goodnefs  and  Cheapnefs.  This  Manufacture  might 
be  carried  on  without  any  Detriment  to  the  Iron 
Merchants  and  Makers  in  England  \  for  they  might 
flint  the  Quantity,  have  it  all  brought  into  their 
Hands,  and  ufe  tbe/nfdvcs  what  they  want  inftead 
of  foreign  Iron,  and  vend  Abroad  the  Overplus 
that  they  may  permit  to  be  made.  Certainly  this 
mod  ufeful  Commodity  would  come  cheaper  from 
our  own  Dominions  than  from  other  Countries ; 
and  in  working  it  from  the  Oar  to  the  Bar  would 
employ  great  Numbers  of  People  that  now  beg 
or  Heal  for  their  Living.  As  for  working  Iron 
up  into  Inftruments  and  Tools  in  Virginia,  I  be 
lieve  they  would  fcarce  defire  fo  great  Liberty ; 
unlefs  upon  Consideration  the  Gentlemen  concern 
ed  in  fuch  hard  Ware  found  it  to  be  for  the  Intereft 
of  themfelves,  their  Workmen,  and  the  Publick, 

to 


136        APPENDIX. 

to  fend  over  People  to  make  all  Sorts  of  Uten- 
fils  in  Iron  in  Virginia,  where  they  may  have  all 
Sorts  of  Provifions  and  Materials  for  their  Work 
much  cheaper  than  in  England-,  where  they  may 
have  Land  to  fettle  for  little  or  nothing ;  where 
Wood,  Oar,  and  Water  Conveniences  are  plen 
tiful.  What  Detriment  would  it  be  to  work  up 
Iron  there,  if  it  may  be  done  cheaper,  and  by  the 
fame  People,  who  are  fo  numerous  in  England 
that  they  can  (abundance  of  them)  hardly  get 
Work  and  a  poor  Livelihood  ?  But  if  it  will  not 
be  granted  that  Iron  (hall  be  wrought  in  Virginia, 
yet  might  it  be  cajl  there ;  if  Forges  will  not  be 
allowed  there,  yet  might  Furnaces  be  encouraged, 
from  whence  our  Merchants  may  be  fupplied  with 
better  and  cheaper  Iron  than  from  other  Places; 
and  Recompence  might  eafily  be  made  in  the 
Trade  to  Spain  and  Sweden,  &c.  for  the  Defi 
ciency  that  would  enfue  in  the  Quantities  of  Goods 
exported  thither  in  Exchange  for  their  Iron. 

Virginia  is  juftly  efteemed  one  of  the  mod  con- 
liderable  Branches  of  the  Eritijh  Dominions  ;  may 
it  then  not  be  thought  very  hard  that  the  Virgi 
nians  fhould  not  only  be  debarred  the  Favours  al 
lowed  other  Britons ;  but  alfo  have  lefs  Privilege 
allowed  them  than  is  given  to  foreign  Nations  *? 
What  then  may  be  the  Reafon  why  other  Na 
tions  are  permitted  to  import  their  bar  Iron, 
whereas  the  Virginians  {hall  not  make  a  Bar,  and 
muft  pay  the  Duty  of  foreign  Iron  for  all  the  pig 
and  fow  Iron  that  they  make  ? 

I  might  mention  more  Projefts,  that  in  all  Pro 
bability  would  turn  to  an  extraordinary  Advan 
tage,  if  carried  on  in  Virginia ;  but  I  prefume 
thefe  may  iuffice  as  a  Specimen  to  fliew  how  ufe- 
ful  and  eafy  it  is  to  promote  many  Trades,  Arts, 
and  Manufactures  there,  and  what  Numbers  of 

poor, 


APPENDIX. 


137 


poor,  idle,  and  wicked  People  may  there  be  em 
ployed,  and  get  a  plentiful  Maintenance  and  Set 
tlement  for  their  Families,  and  by  their  Labour 
may  enrich  themfelves,  the  Planters  and  Mer 
chants,  benefit  our  Trade,  encreafe  the  Revenue 
of  the  Crown,  and  advance  the  Intereft  and  Glo 
ry  of  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  and  all  the  Engl/Jh 
Plantations  and  Settlements  Abroad. 

I  fhall  conclude  this  Scheme  with  obferving, 
that  the  People  lent  over  for  fuch  Employments 
as  are  here  mentioned,  when  rightly  fettled,  might 
have  their  Provifion  much  cheaper  than  in  Eng 
land,  and  might  have  their  Cloths  fent  over  at  the 
btft  Hand ;  and  might  be  ieated  conveniently  on 
Trafts  of  Land  taken  up,  bought,  or  rented  by 
long  and  cheap  Leafes;  which  befides  the  Pro 
fit  3f  their  Labour  would  fecure  Eitates  for  Thou- 
fands  of  poor  miferable  Wretches,  would  advance 
the  Price  of  Land,  and  augment  the  Income  of 
the  Quit-Rents. 


SCHEME 


138        APPENDIX. 


SCHEME      IV. 


Of  Trade  in  Virginia. 

H  E  Projefts  before  laid  down  might 
be  put  in  Execution  without  any  Im 
pediment  to  the  planting  of  Tobacco, 
Corn,  &c.  in  the  Methods  that  are 
now  praftifed,  and  without  any  Lofs 
to  the  prefent  Virginia  Trade,  and  Income  to  the 
Crown  arifing  from  Tobacco,  or  Decreafe  o;  the 
vail  Quantities  of  all  Sorts  of  Commodities  i  early 
traniported  to  that  large  Plantation.  Ard  till 
fuch  Deligns  as  are  here  laid  down  be  put  in  Ex 
ecution,  or  brought  to  due  Regulation  ard  Per- 
feftion,  it  might  not  be  Coil  and  Labour  thrown 
away  if  the  Virginia  Gentlemen,  Traders  aid  Plan 
ters  attempted  at  fome,  if  not  all  the  Things 
mentioned  for  their  Advantage  in  the  lail  Scheme; 
efpecially  when  Tobacco  is  ib  very  lovV,  that  it 
is  not  worth  while  to  plant  too  much  of  it,  which 
frequently  happens.  They  might  fooi  perceive 
if  thefe  Defigns  would  anfwer  Expedition ;  and 
Trials  for  Experience  at  their  Leifurc  would  not 
coft  much;  for  their  Experience,  I  fay,  rather 
than  their  Satisfaction,  becaufe  they  nay  be  fatif- 
ned  as  to  the  Pradicablenefs  and  Ufefulnefs  of 
moft  of  thefe  Things,  from  the  rejeated  Proofs 
that  have  been  already  made  in  noil  of  thefe 

i  Commo 


APPENDIX.        139 

Commodities,  together  with  many  more  ;  particu 
larly  Hides,  which  I  forgot  to  mention,  which  are 
now  hardly  of  any  Ufe  or  Value  there,  but  might 
be  tann'd  very  cheap,  becaufe  of  the  Plenty  of 
Bark  ;  and  I  believe  likewife  that  good  Ufe  might 
be  made  of  their  Sheep  and  Calf-Skins,  which 
are  now  of  no  Value  nor  Ufe  worth  f  peak  ing  of. 
What  Numbers  would  the  Manufacture  of  thefe 
Things  employ,  and  what  Advantage  would  it 
bring  to  the  Workmen  and  the  Planters  *? 

But  I  fee  that  theie  Proportions  may  raife  the 
loud  Clamours  of  Thoufands  of  People  concern 
ed  in  England,  in  the  Trades  belonging  to  all  the 
Commodities  here  fpoken  of:  In  Aniwer  to  whofe 
various  Objections  it  may  be  replied,  that  all 
thefe  Things  would  be  wrought  by  their  own 
Countrymen,  poor  Neighbours,  or  Friends;  that 
it  will  eaie  them  of  their  Poor,  Vagabonds,  and 
Villains  :  That  all  thefe  Goods  are  to  be  tran- 
fported  to  England^  fo  that  in  reality  l^irghria 
would  be  only  as  a  Yard  or  Work-Houfe  where 
theie  Servants  and  Journeymen  would  labour  for 
the  Englijb\  befides  feveral  of  thefe  Things  are 
luch  as  we  are  wholly  or  in  part  fupplied  with 
from  other  Nations ;  and  certainly  we  had  better 
have  Goods  of  the  Produce  of  our  own  People 
and  Countries,  than  buy  them  of  Strangers,  who 
make  them  for  us ;  and  if  too  great  Quantities  of 
any  kind  (hould  be  made,  more  than  our  own  Con- 
fumption  requires,  furely  it  will  be  very  advan 
tageous  for  us,  if  we  can  fupply  other  Nations 
with  fuch  Goods,  the  belt  of  their  Kind,  and  at 
the  cheapett  Rate.  Whenever  any  of  thefe  Pro- 
jeds  iliould  interfere  with  the  Intereit  of  Great 
Britain,  by  all  Means  they  (liould  be  itop'd ;  and 
when  particular  Trades  or  Perfons  might  receive 
Damage  by  any  of  thefe  Projects  carried  on  in 
T  2  Virginia  ^ 


140        APPENDIX. 

Virginia,  Amends  might  be  made  them  by  fome 
other  Privileges  and  Advantages  in  feveral  other 
Refpefts.  Such  Things  fhould  be  encouraged 
there,  though  they  made  lels  of  feveral  Kinds 
here  ;  for  Abundance  of  our  People  and  our  Land 
might  be  employed  more  properly  in  other  Things, 
rather  than  in  what  they  are;  which  might  be 
much  more  eafy  to  them,  more  agreeable  to  their 
Soil,  and  more  to  the  Intereft  of  themfelves  and 
the  Publick  ;  efpecially  with  RefpeCt  to  fuch 
Things  as  would  be  produced  better,  with  lefs 
Labour  and  more  Plenty,  with  lefs  Expence  and 
more  Profit  in  Virginia  than  in  Great  Britain. 
Such  Things  certainly  might  more  properly  be 
manufactured  there,  and  our  Land  and  our  Peo 
ple  now  employed  at  Home  about  thofe  Things 
fhould  be  put  to  better  Ufes  and  Purpofes,  more 
fuitable  and  more  beneficial  both  for  the  publick 
and  private  Intereft.  Thefe  Meafures  would  cre 
ate  no  Alteration  in  the  prefent  Trade  and  Me 
thods,  but  would  only  augment  and  add  new  Ad 
vantages  and  Improvements  to  our  Merchandize 
and  Manufactures :  Inftead  of  being  a  Hindrance 
to  the  prefent  Cuftoms  and  Methods,  it  would 
promote  the  Intereft  and  Trade  both  of  Great 
Britain  and  Virginia,  and  the  other  Plantations. 
Would  it  not  be  for  the  Good  of  Thoufands  of 
unfortunate  People,  befides  for  the  Benefit  of 
Virginia,  if  Farmers  were  there  well  fettled,  and 
Husbandry  carried  on  regularly,  and  all  Sorts  of 
Grain  and  Grafs  brought  to  Perfection ;  if  greater 
Quantities  of  good  Cyder  and  fine  Spirits  were 
made  there,  not  only  for  their  own  Ufe,  but  for 
Tranfportation  to  the  IVeft-lndies ;  nay,  and  thro' 
England  to  the  Turkijb  Dominions  where  Wine  is 
prohibited?''/  How  cheap  might  Ships  be  there 
victualled  with  the  beft  Provifion,  and  what  Quan 
tities 


APPENDIX.        14.1 

titles  of  barrelled  Pork  and  Beef  might  be  export 
ed  from  Virginia,  with  Indian  Corn,  Wheat, 
Rye,  &c.  and  be  fent  to  feveral  Parts  of  the 
World,  where  fuch  Things  turn  to  very  good 
Account  for  the  Merchant  and  Farmer?1  Many 
indeed  have  been  baulked  in  planting  and  buf ban- 
dry  there ;  but  fuch  have  been  chiefly  Londoners, 
who  are  Strangers  to  Country  Bulinefs.  Any 
Perfon  may  conceive  the  great  Profit  and  Uie 
to  Trade  in  general,  by  having  the  Marines 
turned  into  Meadows,  the  Rivers  confined  to 
deep  Channels,  by  Paffages  being  contrived  at  the 
Falls,  and  the  upper  Parts  of  the  Rivers  being 
made  navigable.  England  is  the  Mart  and  Store- 
Houfe,  whither  the  Manufactures  and  vendible 
Goods  of  rirginui  for  the  moft  Part  ihould  be 
fent ;  and  after  the  Yjiglijb  have  culled  what  they 
like  and  have  Occafion  for,  furely  they  are  fo  fkil- 
ful  in  Merchandize,  that  they  could  vend  to  other 
Countries  the  Overplus  of  thefe  Commodities, 
and  reap  fufficient  Profit  for  their  Pains.  Thus 
fuppofe  we  Ihould  have  more  of  the  following 
Things  than  our  own  Ufe  requires,  certainly  they 
might  eafily  and  profitably  be  difpofed  of  to  o- 
thers ;  iuch  as  the  leathern  and  woollen  Manu 
factures,  hempen  and  flaxen  Goods,  Pitch,  Tar, 
Timber  for  Ship  and  Houfe-Carpenters,  and  Ca 
binet-Makers,  Joyners,  &c.  fuch  as  Oak,  Deal, 
Walnut,  Hickory,  Cedar,  Cyprefs,  Locutt,  and 
the  like,  with  Malts,  Yards,  Ships,  and  all  Sorts 
of  naval  Stores,  with  Planks,  Clapboards,  and 
Pipeitaves;  and  alfo  Hops,  Wine,  Hoops,  Calk, 
Silk,  Drugs,  Colours,  Paper,  Train  Oil,  Stur 
geon,  with  various  Sorts  of  Stones,  Minerals, 
and  Oars,  with  Cord,  Wood,  and  Coals,  and  Me 
tals,  particularly  Iron  ;  which  laft,  if  it  meets 
with  proper  Encouragement,  will  foon  be  made 
extreamly  ufeful  to  the  Publick.  I  {hall 


142         APPENDIX. 

I  fliall  not  infift  at  large  upon  the  great  Profit 
accruing  from  the  Goods  ibid  to  the  Indians,  and 
their  Dear-Skins  and  Furs  which  we  buy.  There 
is  Land,  Provifion,  Materials,  and  all  other  Re- 
quifites  for  carrying  on  thefe  Things  to  the  great- 
eft  Perfection  and  Profit ;  and  mult  not  Trade  and 
Shipping  be  wonderfully  benefited  and  advanced, 
by  tranfporting  to  and  fro  the  Perfons  and  Things 
before-mentioned  $ 

Thefe  Projefts  would  tend  to  the  great  Intereft 
of  the  Plantation,  as  well  as  the  Good  of  Thou- 
fands  of  poor  or  idle  Englijh,  and  the  Advantage 
of  the  Englijh  Dominions  and  Trade  in  general ; 
and  befides  the  Benefits  above-mentioned,  we 
may  further  obferve,  that  by  fuch  Means  our  in 
ferior  People  that  now  are  cloathed  with  Rags, 
being  promoted  to  Circumftances  that  would  af 
ford  it,  would  yearly  expend  vaft  Sums  in  good 
Apparel,  Houfhold  Goods,  &c.  which  they  muft 
be  fupplied  with  from  Great  Britain,  whereas 
now  they  are  not  only  ufelefs,  but  even  are  noxi 
ous  Branches  of  our  Society;  to  which  Clafs  we 
may  reduce  at  leaft  (I  believe)  ^V  Part  of  our  Peo 
ple,  who  might  thus  be  put  in  a  Method,  not 
only  to  maintain  themfelves  handfomly  and  live 
well,  but  likewife  by  their  Confumption  of  Goods 
would  iupport  Thoufands  of  Families  in  the  ma- 
nufafturing  of  fuch  Commodities  as  they  may 
have  Occafion  for :  And  the  Addition  to  our  pub- 
lick  Riches,  which  would  be  required  in  the  Ad 
vancement  of  the  Fortunes  and  Eltates  of  all  thefe 
mean  People,  would  arife  from  the  Encreafe  of 
our  foreign  Trade,  in  fupplying  other  Countries 
with  thofe  Commodities,  many  of  which  we  now 
even  buy  our  felves  ;  fo  that  in  Realty  thefe  Folks 
might  be  maintained  and  provided  for  well  at  the 
Expence  of  foreign  Nations,  without  the  leaft 

Charge 


APPENDIX.         143 

Charge  or  Contribution  (in  effeft)  of  our  own 
Fellow-Subjeds. 

Virginia  was  the  nrft  Plantation,  and  is  one  of 
the  very  beft  and  largeft,  depending  moil  diredly 
upon  the  Crown,  and  bringing  moil  into  the 
Treafury  upon  account  of  the  Oujloms  and  H^//A 
Rcnfs;  therefore  it  has  the  nrft  Title  to  claim, 
and  a  fuperior  Right  to  demand  fuch  Encourage 
ment,  as  may  tend  to  the  fpeedy  Promotion  of  its 
Trade  and  Proiperity.  This  Colony  ought  nrft 
to  be  brought  to  its  greateft  Perfection,  and  then 
the  others  may  crave  the  like  Affiftance,  in  fuch 
Methods  as  may  beft  fuit  with  their  Occanon  and 
particular  Circumftances ;  fo  that  in  their  Courfe 
continually  all  the  Plantations  might  be  made  con- 
ftant  and  fure  Receptacles,  and  find  fufficient  Pro- 
vinon  and  Employment  for  all  our  Poor,  our 
Beggars,  and  our  notorious  Rogues;  all  which 
might  more  effedually  and  expeditioufly  be  brought 
to  pafs,  if  our  Slave  Trade  were  moderated,  if 
not  ended,  and  exchanged  for  fome  other  as  ad 
vantageous  for  the  Merchant,  and  the  publick 
Good ;  for  by  what  I  underftand  fince  the  Plan 
tations  are  k>  well  ftock'd  with  Slaves,  and  they 
breed  and  thrive  there  fo  prodigioully,  the  Com 
pany  has  not  gained  very  exceedingly  by  Having 
of  late  Years  ;  but  be  their  Gain  much  or  little, 
I  am  perfuaded  that  if  fewer  Slaves  were  imported 
to  J'irginici,  it  would  be  better  for  the  I'irginia 
Planters  and  Merchants ;  and  with  humble  Sub- 
miffion  I  am  of  Opinion  that  the  African  Traders 
might  profecute  more  gainful  Adventures  than  too 
much  Jhiving. 

But  I  ihould  not  pretend  to  direft  in  the  Re 
gulation  of  Trade ;  only  I  (hall  take  Leave  to 
make  this  Obfervation  as  to  the  Trade  of  /  'irgi- 
nia,  viz.  It  is  great  Pity  but  that  the  publick 

Tobacco 


144        APPENDIX. 

Tobacco  were  well  ordered ;  for  the  Publick,  the 
County,  and  the  Parifli  Levies  might  be  paid 
much  better,  there  being  too  frequently  Defici 
encies,  both  in  the  Manner  of  the  Payment,  and 
the  Quality  of  the  Commodity. 

This  with  the  Negroe  Trade  is  what  the  ArTem- 
bly  have  often  confidered  and  attempted  to  redi- 
fy  ;  in  which  Refpefts  their  (trenuous  Endea 
vours  juftly  merit  the  Applaufe  and  grateful  Ac 
knowledgments  of  all  Perfons  interested  in  thele 
Affairs.  As  for  the  Englijh  Laws  and  Duties  re 
lating  to  Tobacco,  they  are  out  of  my  Sphere ; 
only  I  know  that  frequently  the  Duty  is  fo  high, 
and  the  Price  fo  low,  that  it  is  very  hard  for  the 
Merchant  ;  and  the  Planter  and  the  Smoaker  get 
little  or  nothing  but  their  Labour  for  their  Pains 
and  Ex  fence ;  for  it  has  happened  that  Planters, 
who  have  had  a  great  Dependance  upon  their 
Years  Crop  of  Tobacco,  for  the  Support  of 
themfelves  and  Families,  have,  inftead  of  clearing 
any  thing,  been  brought  in  Debt  by  it,  the 
Charges  and  Duties  far  over-balancing  the  Price 
of  the  Tobacco ;  fo  that  though  the  Virginians 
are  for  the  moft  Part  very  eager  at  making  To 
bacco,  which  formerly  turned  to  a  vart  Account, 
yet  of  late  Years  they  fometimes  get  little  or  no 
thing  by  it,  but  Trouble  and  Lofs;  becaufe  of 
the  great  Expence  in  making  and  fending  it  Home 
to  Market,  and  the  great  Duties  which  are  paid 
out  of  it,  and  the  fmall  Price  that  it  ufually  bears, 
eipecially  when  there  is  no  great  Demand  and 
Call  for  it.  Belides  many  Frauds  having  of  late 
Years  crept  into  the  Trade,  and  Abundance  of 
Tobacco  being  counterfeited,  and  more  run  in 
fome  Parts  and  Ports  of  Great  Britain,  the  cun 
ning  Dealer  often  by  fuch  Means  ruins  the  fair 
Trader,  by  vending  his  poor  damaged  counter 
feited 


APPENDIX.         145 

felted  or  run  Goods  at  a  cheap  Rate,  thus  under- 
felling  his  Neighbour,  impofmg  upon  the  Pub- 
lick,  and  defrauding  the  Government ;  nay,  'tis 
faid  that  fuch  have  often  doubly  cheated  the  Go 
vernment,  firft  by  running  Tobacco,  or  entering 
all  light  Hogllieads  at  Importation,  which  in  their 
Language  is  called  Hickory-puckery  ;  and  then  a- 
gain  by  getting  a  Debenture  for  Tobacco  that 
has  been  run,  or  entering  all  heavy  Hogfheads 
for  Exportation,  which  they  term  Puckery-hicko- 
r\ ;  after  w7hich  it  is  laid  that  the  iame  Tobacco 
has  been  runned  again  into  fome  neighbouring 
Port. 

It  mult  be  allowed  as  a  Demonftration  that 
fome  fuch  Practices  have  been  uled,  if  upon  En 
quiry  it  be  dilcoverable  that  the  Government  has 
loft  by  the  Cuitoms,  "when  the  Amount  even  of 
the  Debentures  has  by  much  exceeded  the  Income 
of  the  Duties;  without  any  Allowance  for  the 
vaft  Quantity  that  is  conlumed  in  the  Country  in 
fmoaking,  chewing,  Snuff,  6?r. 

Having  here  and  in  the  laft  Scheme  fpoken  of 
the  Vent  that  might  be  contrived  for  the  addi 
tional  Produce  of  /7/^v///^,  I  thall  add  no  more 
upon  that  Subject,  but  fubjoin  a  few  Confidera- 
tions  relating  to  all  the  Plantations  in  general. 

The  Extent,  the  Wealth,  the  numerous  Inha 
bitants,  the  Hands  employed,  the  Goods  con- 
fumed,  the  Duties  and  Cuftoms  occafioned  by 
the  Plantations,  efpecially  fuch  as  /7/^v'/;/^,  are 
well  worthy  the  molt  ferious  Confederation,  and 
claim  the  greatelt  Favour  and  Encouragement  in 
the  Trade  and  Manufactures  of  thole  Places, 
which  are  vaiHy  larger  than  all  his  /l/<//v///s  Do 
minions  in  Europe,  and  in  Time  may  become  as 
confiderable  ;  they  being  at  preient  one  of  the 
chiefeft  Caufes  and  main  Supports  of  our  Trade, 

U  and 


146        APPENDIX. 

and  bringing  as  much  Money  into  the  Treafury, 
and  the  Furies  of  Merchants,  and  other  People, 
as  moft  other  Parts  of  the  World  to  which  we 
trade. 

The  Good  of  the  Publick  confifts  as  well  in 
the  Welfare  of  the  Subjeft,  as  in  the  Power  and 
Riches  of  the  Prince ;  Regard  being  to  be  had  as 
well  to  the  Circumftances  of  the  one,  as  the  other. 
Now  the  Advancement  of  Trade  and  Manufac 
tures  in  the  Plantations  in  the  higheft  Degree  re- 
fpeds  both  the  Sovereign  and  the  Subjeft,  in  which 
both  the  publick  and  private  Intereft  is  deeply 
engaged;  therefore  ftiould  the  Plantation  Trade 
and  Manufactures  be  fet  upon  the  beft  Footing 
imaginable ;  be  carried  on  Itrenuoufly  to  the  belt 
Advantage ;  and  be  granted  all  reafbnable  Favour, 
Protection,  and  Encouragement.  They  are  Branches 
and  chief  Members,  why  then  may  they  not  con 
tinue  juftly  to  partake  of  the  fame  Privileges  and 
Advantages  that  are  enjoyed  by  England,  which 
may  truly  be  efteemed  their  Head,  to  which  they 
are  infeparably  joined,  as  being  effential  Parts  of 
the  fame  Body  Politick  ?  I  need  not  relate  the  Fa 
ble  of  the  Head  and  Members,  for  every  one 
knows  the  Moral  inferred  from  it ;  how  that  un- 
lefs  the  Members  travel  and  labour  for  the  Service 
of  the  Head  and  Body,  and  the  Head  contrives, 
and  the  Body  conveys  Nourishment  and  Sufte- 
nance  to  the  Members,  the  whole  Fabrick,  both 
Head,  Body,  and  Members  would  foon  perifh, 
and  moulder  to  Dutt.  I  prefume  that  the  Appli 
cation  of  this  to  Great  Britain,  and  our  Trade 
and  Plantations  may  not  be  altogether  improper. 

There  can  be  no  Room  for  real  Apprehenfion 
of  Danger  of  a  Revolt  of  the  Plantations  in  fu 
ture  Ages :  Or  if  any  of  them  (hould  attempt  it, 
they  might  very  ealily  be  reduced  by  the  others ; 

for 


APPENDIX.        147 

for  all  of  them  will  never  unite  with  one  another ; 
for  though  all  the  Plantations  agree  in  this,  that 
they  all  belong  to,  and  depend  entirely  upon  Great 
Britain ;  yet  they  have  each  Views  different  from 
one  another,  and  as  Itrenuoufly  puriue  their  fepa- 
rate  Intereits,  by  various  and  diitind  Methods. 
Befides,  they  can't  poffibly  be  without  Great  Bri- 
tain,  to  which  they  owe  their  being  at  firit  made 
Colonies ;  and  afterwards  have  been  always  fup- 
ported,  maintained  and  employed  by  it.  They  can't 
live  without  this  Mart  for  their  Manufactures  and 
Market,  for  Supply  of  Goods  that  they  want ;  where 
they  have  a  great  Interett,  from  whence  they  are 
deicencled,  to  which  they  are  united  by  Blood,  Re 
ligion,  Language,  Laws,  and  Cuttoms,  and  alfo 
they  have  and  may  always  expect  to  find  greater 
Favour,  Encouragement,  and  Protection  in  Eng- 
Lind,  than  from  any  other  Nation  in  the  World. 
The  Plantations  cannot  poffibly  fubfiit  without 
iome  Trade,  Correspondence,  Union,  and  Alli 
ance  in  Europe,  and  abfolute  Neceffity  obliges 
them  to  fix  thefe  perpetually  in  Great  Britain. 
Upon  which,  as  upon  a  Stock,  they  are  ingrafted, 
fpring  forth,  bloffom  and  bear  Fruit  abundantly, 
and  being  once  lop'd  off  from  it,  they  would 
ioon  wither  and  periili ;  thus  is  it  the  Interett  and 
Safety,  as  well  as  the  Duty  and  Inclination  of  the 
Inhabitants  of  our  Plantations,  always  to  be  fub- 
fervient  to  the  Government  of  England,  by  which 
they  are  planted,  protected,  Supported,  affilted, 
and  encouraged. 

'Tis  true  indeed,  that  the  Roman  Colonies,  fo 
famous  and  flouriihing  of  old,  are  long  ago  all 
quite  extinct ;  but  then  this  is  to  be  attributed  to 
the  Decline  and  Deitruction  of  the  Roman  Em 
pire  it  felf,  and  had  that  continued,  in  all  Proba 
bility  England  it  felf  had  ftill  been  a  Roman  Co- 
U  2  lonv, 


148         APPENDIX. 

lony,  as  it  once  was;  but  when  the  Romans  for- 
fook  England,  then  England  foon  difowned  Rome, 
being  obliged  to  apply  for  Succour  to  the  Saxons, 
afterwards  to  the  Danes,  and  afterwards  being 
brought  to  the  Norman  Eitabliiliment ;  from 
whence  it  has  wonderfully  and  gradually  advanced 
its  own  Grandeur,  Wealth,  Dominions  and  Trade, 
to  its  prefent  immenfe  and  glorious  Bulk  ;  in 
which  thriving  and  flourithing  Courfe  may  it  tlill 
profperouily  proceed  in  the  prefent  Eftablifliment 
in  Church  and  State,  till  Time  it  fell  {hall  have 
an  End. 

The  Roman  Colonies  were  for  the  greateft  Part 
inhabited  by  the  Nations  to  whom  the  Coun 
tries  belonged  before  the  Approach  of  the  Ro 
man  Legions,  who  firft  fubdued  them,  and  then 
made  them  as  Slaves  rather  than  Fellow  Subjects ; 
fo  that  when  the  Forces  that  kept  them  in  Awe 
and  Slavery  were  removed,  they  then  readily  em 
braced  the  joyful  Opportunity  of  recovering  their 
antient  Rights  and  Laws,  and  reaffuming  their 
old  Religions  and  Liberties,  and  refcuing  them- 
felves  and  their  Country  from  Slavery  and  Bon 
dage,  wherewith  they  had  been  captivated  by  the 
Roman  Conqueits. 

But  in  our  Colonies  and  Plantations  the  Cafe  is 
vaftly  different ;  we  have  there  few  or  none  of  the 
Indian  Inhabitants  intermix'd  with  us ;  the  Coun 
try  is  capacious  enough  for  our  Reception  in  the 
Iflands  and  along  the  Coafts,  and  there  is  fuffici- 
ent  Room  for  the  Indians  backwards  upon  the 
Continent.  Our  Colonies  are  all  inhabited  for 
the  moft  Part  by  Britons  and  lr(fh\  their  Trade 
and  Intereft,  Cuftoms,  Laws,  and  Religion  are 
agreeable  to,  or  the  fame  with  ours ;  neither  is 
there  any  NecefTity  for  Fleets  or  Armies  to  keep 
them  in  Subjection  and  Awe. 

Inftead 


APPENDIX.        149 

Inftead  of  forfaking  England,  it  may  be  in  the 
Power  (as  well  as  it  would  be  the  Intereft)  of 
the  Plantations  to  aflitl  England  againit  any  fo 
reign  Force,  that  in  future  Ages  may  injure,  in- 
fult,  or  moleit  it. 

The  greateii:  Occafion  that  the  Plantations 
have  or  may  require  for  powerful  Affiftance  from 
England,  is  upon  Account  of  the  Py rates  who  a- 
bominably  infell  their  Seas  and  Coaits;  but  a 
competent  Number  of  bold  and  active  Men  of 
IVar  might  foon  take  all  thofe  Neils  of  Robbers ; 
and  Contrivances  for  proper  Employment  for  fuch 
wild  and  extravagant  People,  and  more  honeit 
Work  for  Sailors  in  the  Plantations,  might  in  a 
great  Meafure  prevent  Pyrates.  Several  come  in 
upon  Acts  of  Grace ;  the  reit  might  be  fubdued 
by  Force,  and  confined  to  proper  Labour  and  In- 
duitry ;  and  Encouragement  and  Work  might  be 
found  for  all  fuch  as  may  be  fufpeckd  to  be  in 
clinable  for  the  Account,  as  they  call  it ;  thus  if 
we  cannot,  or  rather  will  not  execute  proper 
Meafures  for  the  Extirpation  of  Pyrates  in  the 
American  Seas,  yet  certainly  we  fhould  put  a  Stop 
to  their  Encreale,  and  not  fuffer  them  to  fwarm 
one  Year  more  than  another,  which  furely  may 
be  made  very  practicable  by  apt  Endeavours,  cou 
rageous  Care,  and  good  Conduct ;  as  may  molt 
remarkably  be  evidenced  by  the  well  concerted 
Expedition  from  Virginia  to  North  Carolina  a- 
gaintt  Blackbeard  and  his  Crew,  and  the  moft  fuo 
cefsful  Efforts  of  the  celebrated  Captain  Ogle, 
who  made  fuch  effectual  Ufe  of  his  Commiffion 
and  Opportunity. 

A  few  more  fuch  famous  Commanders  as  Cap 
tain  Brand  and  Captain  Og/c  might  foon  fecure 
our  Plantation  Merchandize,  and  clear  a  free  Paf- 
fage,  and  fafely  guard  our  Coafts  and  convoy  our 
21  i  Ships, 


APPENDIX. 

Ships,  and  either  totally  abolifli  all  Pyratical  Re- 
publicks,  or  elfe  at  leait  put  a  Curb  and  Reftraint 
upon  their  outrageous  Infults.  Thefe  are  Matters 
of  greateft  Confequence  to  our  Plantations,  and 
the  trading  Part  of  our  Nation;  and  therefore 
ought  not  to  be  negleded.and  flighted,  but  com 
mitted  to  the  Management  of  fuch  Perfons,  of 
the  greateft  Honour,  Refolution,  and  Difcretion, 
who  prefer  the  Publick  before  their  private  Trade, 
mind  the  Intereft  of  their  Country  as  much  as, 
or  more  than  their  own,  that  will  make  it  their 
chief  Bufinefs  to  find,  that  dare  to  attack,  and 
are  able  to  conquer,  thefe  bold  and  defperate  Ro 
vers,  the  greateft  of  Reprobates.  Such  gallant 
Perfons,  if  they  be  rare  to  be  found,  ought  the 
more  to  be  rewarded  and  encouraged,  valued  and 
honoured. 

The  laft  Thing  that  I  ftiall  mention  with  Re 
gard  to  the  Advantage  of  Trade  in  Virginia^  is 
the  abfolute  Neceffity  of  a  better  Regulation  of 
the  Poft-Office  there,  for  the  fafe  and  quicker 
Conveyance  of  Letters. 

Having  thus  delivered  my  Sentiments  concern 
ing  Learning  and  Education,  Religion,  Arts  and 
Inventions,  and  Trade  in  Virginia^  with  fome  ge 
neral  Remarks  concerning  all  the  Plantations,  I 
draw  near  a  Period  upon  thefe  Subjeds,  fuppo- 
fing  that  what  I  have  here  mentioned  may  be  e- 
nough  to  inform  the  Curious,  and  fatisfy  the  can 
did  Reader ;  knowing  that  I  have  writ  a  great 
deal  more  than  they  will  relifh  or  approve  of, 
whofe  Humour  or  Intereft  may  clafli  with  my 
Opinion  and  Propofitions ;  but  I  affure  fuch  that 
I  don't  vainly  imagine  that  thefe  my  private  Sen 
timents  fhould  be  obligatory  to  any  that  diilike 
them,  or  that  they  are  abfolutely  neceflary  to  be 
punctually  obferved  and  complied  with  by  them ; 

but 


APPENDIX.         151 

but  I  only  humbly  offer  thefe  my  Thoughts  to 
the  Coniideration  of  all  fuch  as  are  concerned  or 
{killed  in  thefe  Matters;  who  certainly  have  Li 
berty  either  to  reject  them,  or  approve  of  them, 
as  they  fliall  eiteem  it  moil  reafonable,  according 
to  their  belt  Judgment  and  Difcretion. 

I  fhall  only  add,  that  if  from  thefe  my  private 
Notions  and  Remarks  any  one  publick  Good  may 
be  extracted,  it  will  prove  a  great  Satisfaction  to 
me,  in  that  the  Intent  of  this  Memorial  will  be 
anfwered,  tho'  but  in  a  very  fmall  Degree,  which 
joyful  Satisfaction  will  be  railed  in  the  fame  Pro 
portion  as  the  Ufe  of  this  Treatiie  encreaies ; 
but  if  at  lad  it  fhould  happen  that  no  Good  Ihoulcl 
proceed  from  this  my  weak  Endeavour  ;  never- 
thelefs  (I  hope)  my  Labour  will  not  be  imputed 
to  me  as  criminal ;  rince  I  have  hereby  offered  my 
bed  Service  in  the  Advancement  of  the  Intereft, 
and  for  the  Promotion  of  the  Good  of  a  Coun 
try,  to  which  I  am  in  the  higheft  Degree  ob 
liged. 

FINIS. 


ERRA  TA. 

~P  A  G  E  6.  Line  2.  and  p.  22.  1.  4.  read  Poivhatan.  p.  7.  1.  9.  r. 
J^cjl- Indians,  p.  8.  1.  22.  r.  or  fotnetimes.  p.  II.  1.  4.  for  flung  r.  Jlun^. 
p.  1 6.  1.  1 8.  r.  Mobomny.  p.  21.  1.  22.  f.  ProfeJJlons  r.  PojJ'cJJions.  p.  22.  1. 
2,8.  f.  Country  r.  Coiu;t\.  p.  39.  1.  19.  f.  hired  r.  tired,  p.  42.  1.  2.  f.  theje  r, 
they.  p.  45.  1.  2.  f.  certain  r.  in  hcpes.  p.  46.  1.  24.  f.  feiv  r.  mo/L  p.  57. 
1.  4.  f.  being  r.  which  being,  ibid.  1.  7.  f.  the  trench  r.  a  hole.  p.  60. 
1.  4.  f.  Wines  r.  Vines,  ib.  1.  17.  f.  Planks  r.  Plants,  p.  61.  1.  28.  f.  may 
r.  think  to.  p  62.  1.  30.  r.  Mannacan.  p.  88.  1.  9.  r.  Prejident.  p.  93.  1. 
24.  r.  a  Fellotu.  p.  96.  1.  14.  f.  This  r.  Tbefe.  ibid.  1.  33.  r.  Etbicks.  p.  1 16. 
1.  24.  f.  PaJJ'ages  r.  Purpofcs.  p.  129.  1.  8.  f.  it  fccms  r.fccms.  p.  132.  1.  I  6. 
f.  fo  as  r.  as.  p.  134.  1.  4.  f.  bearer,  abwf. 


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